Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Funny in Farsi Immigration

America has often been called â€Å"The Land of the Free†, where opportunities are like the bounteous fish caught at sea; the catch may be large or small, may come sooner or later. Just as the Gold Rush prompted for many miners to come about, the promising opportunities have prompted for immigrants to pour into in America. Although this chance for a new beginning has vastly beckoned immigrants, there are sacrifices immigrants must make along with newfound chances. Succumbing to social alienation is one of the sacrifices that immigrants must make. In the memoir, Funny in Farsi, by Firoozeh Dumas, and the studies of Djuro J. Vrga on Differential Associational Involvement of Successive Ethnic Immigrations: An Indicator of Ethno-Religious Factionalism and Alienation of Immigrants, the depths of social alienation and its influence on immigrants are reviewed. Dumas’ memoir describes the experience of an Iranian growing up in America, whilst Vrga’s study is applied to different sociocultural aspects of life immigrants may encounter. Cultural differences in morality, ethics, values and political standings all play an substantial role when discussing social alienation. However, more often than so, the Americans are the social alienators while the immigrants are the socially alienated. Though Americans were once so to speak—immigrants, as if Americans are rotten crops from the harvests of heritage, immigrants are the freshly picked fruits of culture and tradition, and a batch of flawless tomatoes obviously stand out amongst the rundown veggies. Firoozeh Dumas highlights the awkward feelings entailed with social alienation as a theme throughout the memoir. Dumas recalls on several occasions how uneasy and disturbing it is to be singled out, â€Å"I cringed. Mrs. Sandberg, using a combination of hand gestures, started pointing to the map and saying, â€Å"Iran? Iran? Iran? † Clearly, Mrs. Sandberg had planned on incorporating us into the day’s lesson. I only wished she had told us that earlier so we could have stayed home. † (Dumas 6). Merely because it was a tad unusual to have an Iranian family join the community, Dumas’ teacher decided it would be perfectly normal to use people of a unique heritage for the lesson as though they were show-and-tell puppets when they are after all, people. Daily ‘encounters’ with other Americans through Dumas’ experiences epict how the lack of geographic knowledge has further contributed to alienation and its bond with immigrants, â€Å" Inevitably, people would ask us where we were from, but our answer didn’t really matter. One mention of our homeland and people would get that uncomfortable smile on their face that says, â€Å" How nice. Where the heck is that? † (Dumas 37). Despite the seemingly minor extent of social alienation found in Dumas’ more humorous examples, the isolation of cultures does occasionally meet with a rather unreasonable but inevitable high tide. As the Iranian Revolution took place, the media fed its always starving Americans with the news that Iranians had violently taken a group of Americans hostage, â€Å" For some reason, many Americans began to think that all Iranians, despite outward appearances to the contrary, could at any given moment get angry and take prisoners. (Dumas 39. ) This kind of media induced prejudice created an unsafe social environment for Iranians, ultimately forcing them to lie about their ethnicities, â€Å" My mother solved the problem by claiming to be from Russia or â€Å"Torekey. † (Dumas 39. Other than lying about one’s ethnicity, finding and keeping a job was nearly impossible during these sorts of times, â€Å" Even worse, with the turmoil in Iran, the value of my father’s pension dropped to the point of worthlessness. At fifty-eight, my father found himself unemployed and with no prospects. Nobody wanted to hire an Iranian. †(Dumas 117. ) Coinciding with the urgency of unemployment due to societal prejudices, Djuro J. Vrga’s views on the matter are quite blunt, â€Å" An immigrant must make two kinds of adjustments: (1) to his own ethnic group, and (2) to the larger ociety. † (Vrga 239. ) Without restriction to the Iranian Revolution, Dumas’ experience and Vrga’s analogy reveal a now unearthed concept that social alienation is composed of both a minority and a versing majority. All throughout her life, Firoozeh Dumas was forced to contend to a traditional upbringing contrary to the contemporary surroundings she lived in. These two opposing factors were the necessary ingredients creating the recipe for social alienation, whereas if Dumas were not Iranian and born purely American there would be a missing ingredient. Even in marital matters, Dumas faced the same kind of discouraging social issues, â€Å" Francois and I had agreed that we would be married both in the Catholic Church and in a traditional Persian ceremony. The tough part was finding a Catholic priest who would be willing to officiate at a mixed marriage. † (Dumas 145-146. ) The interracial circumstances binding the wedding like a serpent does its prey, Firoozeh Dumas consistently meets with American shortcomings. In 1977, Washington, D. C. , Iranians were invited to welcome the Shah, or Iranian leader, who was cheduled to meet Jimmy Carter, a newly elected president. Unfortunately, anti-Shah demonstrators interfered with the event, â€Å"The demonstrators had crossed the road. They were stampeding toward us waving sticks with nails driven into them. People were screaming and running. Instead of Iranian flags, the lawn was covered with bloody and injured Iranians. My parents and I ran and ran and ran. † (Dumas 113. ) The segregation of Iranians uprooted into a violent and gruesome scene, agreeable with Djuro J. Vrga’s perspective on such issues, â€Å"The ethnic group is a social system through which its members atisfy many of their social needs and express frustration resulting from unsatisfied expectations and aspirations in the larger society. (Vrga 239. ) The larger society in Dumas’ case was composed of the anti-Shah demonstrators, whom successfully destroyed a political event with their distaste for Iranians. Regardless of the many stages social alienation has set, it appears that time has an influential hand when it comes to deciding whether the stage will be a dandy garden, or a gloomy swamp. Funny in Farsi is a memoir that not only shows how growing up an immigrant can be, but how t affects one’s social standings in society. Djuro J.  Vrga’s Differential Associational Involvement of Successive Ethnic Immigrations: An Indicator of Ethno-Religious Factionalism and Alienation of Immigrants serves only further in accentuating the conditional aspects an immigrant must face. Though social alienation may be a recurring theme in Dumas’ memoir, it is truthful and consequently a recurring theme in possibly any immigrant’s life. Humorous indeed, it could be Funny in Any Language; there are no restrictions on where social alienation might pop up, but Dumas provides a great example nonetheless.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Fast Food Affects on Obese Children

Fast Food Restaurants Affecting Obese Children Fast food restaurants have been around for ages from McDonalds to Wendy's. All have been giving processed foods to people for very low prices. Some say fast food restaurants are the only reason for Obesity, some say fast food is the perfect combination of food and low prices. Obesity has majorly increased since the early 1970's and so has the amount of fast food restaurants. They have even expanded close to schools. When fast food restaurants are too close to schools they affect the student's weight.More and more restaurants are putting the nutritional facts in the menu, changing people's minds about what they eat. With these arguments you can see that it's obvious fast food restaurants cause obesity. Fast food restaurants have grown in popularity, size and distribution. With its popularity growing drastically, the percentage of children from the ages 6-19 that are obese has increased from 5 to a whopping 17 percent since the early 1970' s! with the years going by, more and more children are getting overweight because of fast food restaurants.Fast food restaurants are sometimes too close to high schools affecting the students weight and eating habits. If during class you look out the window and see a fast food restaurant it's hard to resist the temptation. Although only 7 percent of fast food places are within a tenth of a mile 65% are within half a mile. Also listing nutritional facts changes peoples food choices in McDonalds especially. When fast food restaurants list these facts it increases the likelihood of parents choosing healthier food choices.Researcher Dr. Pooja Tandon from the Department of general paediatrics at the University of Washington in Seattle, when parents have the nutritional facts about the food they choose 100 calories less than parents that don't have the info. In low-income areas, the information does not affect the parents. So now that you've read these few arguments, don't just forget abo ut it do the right thing. Make a decision and stick to it before more people get stuck on fast food.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Blood Transfusion

The purpose of this module is to teach the clinical RN the basics of blood, how to administer a blood/blood component transfusion safely, and the hazards of transfusion related to blood administration. This module is indicated for teaching purposes based on the fact that the NHS requires at least quarterly review of blood usage, oversight of blood transfusion practices, documentation of blood transfusion errors, and evidence of corrective actions taken. Results of one study found that individuals lack of knowledge and training, along with inadequate policies and procedures, were the key elements in more than 350 blood transfusion-associated deaths (Bower amp; Craig, 1997) What is a Blood Transfusion? A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an intravenous (IV) line in one of your blood vessels. Blood is transfused either as whole blood (with all its parts) or, more often, as individual parts. The individual parts include red blood cells, platelets, clotting factors, and plasma. Each year, almost 5 million Americans amp; British need a blood transfusion. While most blood transfusions go well, mild complications can occur and serious problems may develop. The Individual Parts Defined Red Blood Cells -the most numerous blood cell, about 5,000,000 per microliter. Red blood cells make up about 40% of our total blood volume, a measure called the hematocrit. Their color is caused by hemoglobin, which accounts for nearly all of the red cell volume. Hemoglobin is the critical protein that transports oxygen from our lungs to the tissues. Red blood cells are normally shaped as round, biconcave discs. Red Blood Cells Image obtained from http://embryology. med. unsw. edu. au/Notes/heart20. htm) Platelets -the smallest of the three major types of blood cells, are only about 20% of the diameter of red blood cells and the normal platelet count is ~150,000-350,000 per microliter of blood. The principal function of platelets is to prevent bleeding. Platelets (Image obtained from http://ouhsc. edu/platelets/Platelets/platelets%20intro. html) Clotting Factors -proteins in the blood that control bleeding. Plasma -a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 92% water and 8% other substances, such as proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste products. It is a colloidal solution which is a liquid containing suspended substances that do not settle out of solution. Most of the suspended substances are plasma proteins, which include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. Plasma volume remains relatively constant. Normally, water intake through the digestive tract closely matches water loss through the kidneys, lungs, digestive tract, and skin. Plasma (which is in the yellow) Image obtained from : http://www. mhhe. com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/tr/m1/s2/ Brief History of Blood Transfusions 665 The first Blood transfusions of record take place. Animal experiments conducted by Richard Lower, an Oxford physician started as dog-to-dog experiments and proceeded to animal-to-human over the next two years. Dogs were kept alive by the transfusion of Blood from other dogs. 1795 In Philadelphia an American physician, Philip Syng Physick, performed the first known human Blood transfusion, although it was not published. 1818 James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performed the first successful transfusion of human Blood to a patient for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB. * Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma). Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB. * Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma). Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but can donate blood only to another type AB individual. * Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma). Therefore, a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i. e. A, B, O or AB). If anyone needs a blood transfusion in an extremely dire emergency, and if the time taken to process the recipients blood would cause a detrimental delay, O Negative blood can be issued. Blood Administration * Obtain Signed Consent for the administration of blood products * Check the Drs Order * Determine Clients Allergies and previous transfusion reactions (this can be assessed by simply asking the client if they have had a transfusion before and how they tolerated it) * Obtain baseline vitals and then per hospital/institution policy * Utilize #18 gauge needle * Check Crossmatch Record With 2 Nurses: * ABO- Group * RH Type * Clients Name, Date of Birth and Medical Number * Expiration Date * Administer Immediately- do not store the blood or leave it. If for any reason the blood/blood components are not to be hung, blood may be sent back to Blood Bank (check hospital policy and procedure as most institutions require that blood/blood products must be administered within 30 minutes upon receipt) * Do not warm the blood unless there is a risk of hypothermic response- Then Only by specific blood warming equipment * Never add any medications to blood products * Infuse each unit over 3-4 hours but no longer than 4 hours   Transfusion Reactions Occurs in the first 10-15 minutes or first 50 cc of Blood Reactions can be ALLERGIC, FEBRILE, or HEMOLYTIC (Utilize the Acronym AFH for memorization purposes)   ALLERGIC Signs and Symptoms include the following: * Facial flushing * Hives * Rash FEBRILE Signs and Symptoms include the following: * Fever * Chills * Anxiety * Headache * Tachycardia * Tachypnea HEMOLYTIC Signs and Symptoms include the following: * v Blood Pressure * Tachypnea * Fever * Chills * Apprehension * Headache * Tachycardia * Chest Pain or Lower Back Pain Recent Facts amp; Statistics Regarding Transfusions * Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur in 1 per 40,000 transfused units of packed RBCs. Nonhemolytic febrile reactions and minor allergic reactions are the most common transfusion reactions, each occurring in 3-4% of all transfusions. Nonhemolytic febrile reactions and extravascular hemolysis are observed more commonly in patients who have developed antibodies from prior transfusions. * Anaphylactic reactions occur in 1 per 20,000 transfused units. * Due to improved preventative measures, the incidence of GVH disease is less than 0. 15% * Transfusion-related acute lung injury complicates 0. 1-0. 2% of all transfusions. Risk of transfusion-related hepatitis B is 1 per 50,000 units transfused. Risk for hepatitis C is 1 per 3000-4000 units transfused. * Risk of transfusion-related HIV infection is 1 per 150,000 units transfused. (Kardon, 2009) What do you do if you suspect a Transfusion Reaction? STOP the transfusion immediately * Maintain the line with Normal Saline VERIFY patient identification * Hospital armband, Typenex band, and blood bag must be identical NOTIFY the patients physician STAT * Treat the signs per Drs order and Monitor Vitals * If requested by the physician, initiate transfusion reaction work up NOTIFY Blood Bank STAT Check the Policies/Procedures of the facility at which you are employed * You may have to bag the blood component, IV tubing, filters and all labels in a biohazard bag and it may have to be submitted/returned back to the laboratory as further testing of the components may be clinically warranted (It is a standard policy at Maricopa Medical Center that those components are submitted back to the lab as routine Microbiology cultures are performed to ensure the sterility of the blood) * Additional forms may be required to complete (i. . Transfusion Reaction Forms) * Further samples may be collected from the patient (i. e. Urine, blood samples, etc.

Using the concept of narrative and discourse, deconstruct one aspect Essay

Using the concept of narrative and discourse, deconstruct one aspect of international development - Essay Example Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe are also credited for advancement of this theory and most importantly hegemonic discourse. Antonio Gramsci on the other hand, is credited for coining the term hegemony referring to the predominance of one social class over others. The dominant class projects its own way of viewing the world and the dominated classes take this view as ‘common sense’ or ‘natural’. Hegemonic discuss most often involves discussions about the developed and developing countries with the developed countries especially U.S assuming the role of a hegemony that controls or regulates the rest of the world in what Brand refers to as â€Å"global governance† (155-176). Theorists agree that discourse involves power relations in society and that hegemonic practice is a form of political activity or struggle (Howarth & Stavrakakis 2). This essay will use the hegemonic discourse to deconstruct one aspect of international development: global governance and in particular developing countries. According to Laclau and Mouffe, every material object is articulated within discourse thus it is not determined by nature. The main assumption of discourse theory is that all objects and actions are meaningful, and their meaning is conferred by historically specific systems of rules. For them The fact that every object is constituted as an object of discourse has nothing to do with whether there is a world external to thought, or with that realism/idealism opposition. An earthquake occurs here and now independent of my will. But whether their specifity as object is constructed in terms of ‘natural phenomenon’ or ‘expressions of the wrath of God’ depends upon restructuring of discursive field. What is derived is not that such objects exist externally to thought, but the rather different assertion that they constitute themselves as objects

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Study questions for The Rain God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Study questions for The Rain God - Essay Example .. /Give me silence, water, hope./Give me struggle, iron, volcanoes. / Fasten your bodies to me like magnets. /Hasten to my veins, to my mouth. / Speak through my words and by blood.Inspired by Neruda's poetric skills, Islas gives expressive voice to the dead, and retrieves the ghosts of a family and extended families from the oblivion of unrecorded history The relationship between father and son is tense because the father has an affair with his son's girlfriend. He does not believe in the traditional family structure since he did not get married although the family wants him to. He was always told by his father to be a man, but he is very sensitve and intelligent. Miguel Chico did not at all turn out the way his father wants him to be. He is not at all a dominat man or a patriarch. He is completely different from his father. His and his family thinks Miguel may be a homesexual because he does not conform to the normal family values Juanita is the wife of Miguel grande. She is a wife and mother. She trusts her husband completely and allows him to make all the decisions. Miguel cheats on Juanite.Nevertheless at some point he can not take the feelings of guilt anymore and he confesses his affaire with Lola to Juanita. Even in this situation Juanita does not think about her pain, but makes sure his pride as a man is not hurt.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Cosmopolitanism Must Be Left as an Individual Choice Essay

Cosmopolitanism Must Be Left as an Individual Choice - Essay Example New York, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Los Angeles as well as London are basic examples of "cosmopolitanized" cities around the globe embracing an eclectic mix of people with various cultures and traditions in a seemingly harmonious way. But this does not mean that there are no concerns being raised. In fact, elsewhere, discrimination still permeates even in highly cosmopolitan cities like New York where "cosmopolitan" lifestyle has been a trademark as against "other" cities. There exists a stark idiosyncrasy on perception of being a "cosmopolitan". Either one has embraced and integrated the word to one's own lifestyle or "tolerate" the existence of this culture, if it may be considered as such. The United States, for one, in trying to protect and allow all the Constitutional privileges of its citizens, which at present vary in their "origin" or nationalities has its scholars and thinkers argue on which must come first: the individual which is associated with liberal rights, or the group which also exercises their rights to organize as provided for by their liberal rights. Barry (2002) aptly argued in his "Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism" book that "What we might find out by experience is that institutionalizing group representation offers opportunities and incentives for political entrepreneurs to whip up intragroup solidarity and intergroup hostility in the pursuit of power. And indeed this has happened all over the world virtually every time group representation has been introduced." Backed with empirical case studies as well as theories that made his presentation and argument not only convincing but powerful, his insights explored in depth religious and educational issues such as the case of Sikhs in Britain, Amish, and Quebec separatism. Without neglecting the rights of the members of minority groups, he calls to attention the reader to the concept of universal rights as "(universal) rules define a choice set which is the same for everybody; within that choice set people pick a particular course of action by deciding what is best calculated to satisfy their underlying preferences for outcomes uniform rules create identical choice sets, then opportunities are equal," (Barry, 2002). This goes to say that individual rights come first before group or collective choices. He implied that "rule and exception" approaches to public policy must encompass a universality that is applied equally among all citizens to remove the danger of protectionism and that the best way to help the least advantaged is by avoiding politics of difference and guaranteeing the full benefits of citizenship. Barry went on to add that "within a liberal state all groups are free to deploy their energies and recourses in pursuit of culturally derived objectives on the same terms." Likewise, The Wilson Quarterly (1995) quoted Dr. Samuel Johnson, who famously said "Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel." Liberals were hailed to have gone further by embracing "all humankind " scoring on patriotic pride as "both morally dangerous and, ultimately subversive of

Friday, July 26, 2019

Doubt play vs. movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Doubt play vs. movie - Essay Example As mentioned earlier, Doubt is a story revolving around a nun’s qualms about a priest’s sexual involvement with an African-American Altar boy. Sister Aloysius is the head nun and principal of a catholic school called St. Nicholas. Father Flynn is a new teacher at St. Nicholas; he has an affable personality and is highly articulate. The character list includes another member of the faculty, Sister James; an impressionable and inexperienced teacher; she is highly obedient. Therefore when Sister Aloysius commands everyone to keep their eyes open for unusual behavior, she is the first one to suspect Father Flynn. (Brantley, 2006) The main source of the suspicion is triggered when Sister James observes the intimacy between Father Flynn and the only African American student Donald Muller. There are a number of other factors that eventually lead her to confirm her suspicions such as, when Donald is summoned by Father Flynn during Sister James’ class and when he returns, he seems upset and intoxicated, and finally Sister James notices Father Flynn putting a white shirt in Donald’s locker, during a dance lesson. Sister James confides her suspicion to Sister Aloysius, who later confronts Father Flynn. Father Flynn provides a plausible explanation that he had found Donald drinking and wanted to help him get over his drinking problem. However, Sister Aloysius is still unsatisfied and decides to talk to Donald Muller’s mother. Mrs. Muller seems completely ambivalent and asks Sister Aloysius not to pursue the matter any further. She mentions that Donald is currently coping with his abusive father and also hints that it is because of his sexual orientation that causes Mr. Muller to beat Donald up. She pleads with her to remain silent and not take any action against Father Flynn and tries to rationalize their relationship, but Sister Aloysius remains adamant. Despite the fact that she was unable to collect any hard evidence against Father Fly nn to substantiate her allegation, she confronts Father Flynn again and threatens to him to tell her the truth or she will approach her superiors. Father Flynn denies but finally succumbs to her demands and requests for a transfer when Sister Aloysius tells him that she telephoned his previous parish and discovered ample amount of evidences regarding his dubious past. She told him that she knew he had changed a few parishes because of misconduct; however, the details of misconduct were not specified and there are several nuns, who are willing to testify against him. (Brantley, 2006) The story ends with Father Flynn getting transferred to a different school and Sister Aloysius confiding in Sister James that she found nothing against him and her telephoning the authorities was a mere fabrication.. In the end, she breaks down in to tears and says, â€Å"I have doubts†¦ I have such doubts†. The film and play adaptation followed the same plot and even the dialogues were near verbatim; which shows the strong correspondence between both the play and the movie. However, in case of differences, there are countless differences but the changes are only minor and subtle and nothing too plot-altering. The most ostensible difference is the fact that there are more characters in the movie than in the play. (Brantley, 2004) The depiction of the story deviates from the normal four-character play by Mr.

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Death Penalty - Essay Example Our main points for the abolition of the death penalty are morality and technicality. The original arguments for capital punishment does not anymore apply but are outdated – deterrence, retribution, etc. The teachings of the Bible – the Old and the New Testaments – tell us one important aspect of creation: protect life and do not allow vengeance. God did not kill Cain for killing his own brother Abel but instead sent him on exile and put a mark on him so that no one would kill him. A passage in the Bible of states: ‘an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth’. This teaching does not mean taking the life of a murderer or someone who has committed a heinous crime, but it means limiting the retribution for an offense. When Jesus was presented the woman accused of adultery, he did not condemn the woman but told those present â€Å"to cast the first stone†, which means we should not condemn anyone but allow a sinner to reform. Another argument is the ground of technicality. The criminal justice system, a human system, is flawed. I mean, it is not always perfect despite all the bright, legal minds the world has ever produced. Rulings are not perfect. The Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty violated the Eight and Fourteenth Amendments. Then in another ruling in 1976, Gregg v. Georgia, the Court again contradicted itself by ruling that the death penalty per se was not unconstitutional. (Bedau 2005, p. 23) In Furman, it was ruled that some state statutes were unconstitutional, which allowed that death penalty statutes had to be rewritten. Advocates of the death penalty began proposing new laws for capital punishment. In other words, advocates of the death penalty interpreted this as an opportunity to write new laws so that there would be no more doubts of retaining the death penalty. It was reported that there were 35 states that rewrote their

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Letters of credit have been described '' as the lifeblood of Essay

Letters of credit have been described '' as the lifeblood of international commerce'' . ( Kerr L J in R D Harbottle ( Mercant - Essay Example They are Open Account, Bill of Exchange, Documentary Bill and Letter of Credit.1 Open Account is a type of practice whereby contracting parties agree on payment of cash against order. This means the importer has to make advance payment along with his order. The risk for the importer is at a maximum. On the other hand, exporter assumes equal risk if he agrees to ship the goods and receive payment at a later date on or after delivery. Secondly, bill of exchange is an arrangement by which the exporter obtains an undertaking that the importer shall pay the value of goods received after a certain period from the date of supply, delivery or against despatch as the case may be. This is a negotiable instrument just as a cheque or promissory note and it is governed by the Bills of Exchange Act 1882. In case of default by the importer in payment, the exporter acquires legal rights to proceed against the importer. This arrangement is safer than an open account type of payments. The third type o f payment Documentary bill refers to Bill of Exchange accompanied by the bill of lading which is document of title to goods. The Bill of exchange drawn by the exporter along with the bill of lading for the goods shipped is accepted by the importer for payment as per the negotiated terms as to whether it is payable at sight or after a period of say 30 to 90 days. These three types of payment do not guarantee payment or shipment (in case of advance payment by the importer) to the respective party. The last of the above said types is the letter of credit. This form of payment removes difficulties encountered by the parties in the first three types of payment. The letter of credit has therefore been regarded as life blood of business as rightly said by Kerr L.J.2 This type of payment wherein third parties step in to guarantee payment thus lubricating the wheels of commerce is however not without problems that would affect the interests of either party.3 This paper discusses the importan ce of letter of credit as the lifeblood of international commerce in the following pages. Letter of Credit The letter of credit opened by a bank on behalf of an importer guarantees payment to the exporter in a foreign country through his nominated bank. Thus, the importer’s bank after satisfying with the credentials of the importer who may be its long standing client and taking necessary precautions to collect payment from its client, sends an irrevocable letter of credit as per the terms and conditions agreed upon between the importer and the exporter to the exporter’s bank. The exporter’s bank in turn forwards the letter of credit to the exporter and intimates the fact to the importer’s bank. The exporter ensures the compliance of stipulated terms and conditions and ships the goods to the importer. The bill of lading which evidences the shipment of goods and becomes the document of title to goods, is submitted to the exporter’s bank along with ot her documents such as invoice, certificate of insurance, certificate of origin etc and the bank is instructed to collect payment for the goods shipped against delivery of the said documents to the importer’

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Just answer the Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Just answer the Question - Essay Example It is undoubted that human beings have played a significant role in climate change leading to depredation of the biosphere and extinction of vast species of flora and fauna. With no qualm, the earth’s biodiversity faces constant threats that would merit some intervention. However, time is a healing factor. Let the earth be for the next one million years and the current tribulations it faces will be past tense, safely buried in the world of history. If the world needs no saving, what does? Humanity is obviously under threat. Human beings are headed for extinction taking many more species with them besides the ones that have already disappeared. The human race population is fast skyrocketing and will soon surpass the carrying capacity of the earth (Cobb Para 5). Human activities such as burning of fossil fuels releasing excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus accentuating global warming can only do more harm to humans and other species essential for the continuity of humanity. Consequently, man’s efforts to curb adverse phenomena such as global warming are focused more on saving humanity rather than the world. Therefore, the world needs no saving as does humanity because it can cope with its tribulations over

Cultural-Adaptation Essay Example for Free

Cultural-Adaptation Essay The East African tribe ‘Maasai’ can be found in Kenya and certain parts of Tanzania. Their subsistence strategy has primarily been pastoral for several centuries. The Maasai herd cows, sheep and goats for a livelihood as they depend on the meat and milk for their survival. The Maasai are also semi-nomadic people, making them pastoral nomads (ONeil 2). This helps them move from place to place, in search of better climatic and external conditions suitable for raising their herd animals. They constantly move to areas having greener pastures and adequate water to ensure that their livestock are healthier; it also facilitates grass growing back again in areas that have been grazed by cattle. Their choice of location would also depend upon other factors such as safety from predators such as lions. The Maasai do not construct permanent settlements as they are constantly on the move; they live in temporary dwellings that are simple to construct. The social structure of the Maasai has played a key role in preserving the tribe’s primary subsistence strategy as pastoral for centuries. The age-based social structure is quite fair and consistent as there is no discrimination based on caste or familial segregations. However, there are certain gender-based roles and customs within the tribe. The men are divided into the youths, the warriors also know as ‘moran’, and the elders. On the other hand, the young girls get married to warrior men, bear children and raise them; the women can also become elders after their bear four children. The youths become warriors around the â€Å"age of 13 to 17† and move to a different village, live in unsecure enclosures called ‘manyatta built by their mothers and eventually get married (Martin 7). It is the duty of the warriors to ensure that the tribe is safe and cattle are protected from predators. They are mentally conditioned as well as physically trained from a very young age to perform this duty. The Maasai women specialize in building houses from sticks, mud and cow dung. This helps the tribe to move from place to place easily and sustain their semi-nomadic way of life. The Maasai men also build thorn fences to keep their cattle safe in enclosures. The elders are supposed to impart wisdom and live passive lives, as the responsibilities and duties of the tribe pass over to the next generation of warriors. The authority figure in their social system is a person known as laibon, roughly translated as ’medicine man’; the ‘laibon’ also fills the religious needs of the tribe and practices shamanism for healing. This uniform socio-cultural structure lends stability and contributes to the subsistence of the Maasai way of life, as there is very little room for rebellion within the group. Many aboriginal cultures around the world are going through transition due to modernization and the Maasai are no exception to this rule. Urbanization had led to the Maasai being confined to smaller areas, thus threatening their way of life. To cope with these changes, a small segment of the tribe has recently changed its subsistence strategy to agriculture, fishing and taking menial jobs in urbanized areas. The tourism industry promoted by the government has compelled certain Maasai tribes to diverge away from their self-sufficient lifestyle and act as showpieces for tourists (Akama 717). However, the Maasai still retain certain aspects of their cultural identify such as speaking a language called ‘Maa’ and wearing a red cloth called the ‘shuka’; they also pierce their earlobes and adorn large metal earrings. Despite the influence of the modern world, a large segment of the Maasai tribe is still quite self-sufficient as they produce their own food from cattle and take care of other needs such as shelter and medicine. Works Cited Page Akama, John. Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 26, Number 3, July 1999. Martin, Marlene. Society-MASAI. The Center for Social Anthropology and Computing. June 14, 2009, http://lucy. ukc. ac. uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture. 7860 ONeil, Dennis. (2007). Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism. Palomar College. June 14, 2009, http://anthro. palomar. edu/subsistence/sub_3. htm

Monday, July 22, 2019

Someone Special Essay Example for Free

Someone Special Essay Those who truly know us for who we really are; are the people that have the most influence in our lives, such as our parents. In my case it is my mother who has greatly impacted my life. She has stood beside me through thick and thin. I know that as long as she is here on this earth, she will stand beside me to love and support me unconditionally as she has done all these years. It is because of her that I am the person I am today. Behind my choices, character, my values, and behind me, proudly stands my mother. All throughout my childhood I have been closer to my mom than I am to my father. She has been an amazing friend to me, but an even better parental figure. Laying down the rules for me and establishing boundaries when needed. It is the love and respect I have for my mother that I am cautious of the choices I make. I cherish her approval and fear of her disappointment. I feel confident that all the life lesions she has taught me and the advice she gives me, will continue to shape my standards and values in life. My mother raised my brother and I the way my grandmother raised her. I have been taught that honesty, integrity, hard work, and respect should be constituted into daily living, and to get what we want in life, we have to earn it. Read more:  Who is your admired person essay Although I wasn’t brought up in a life of splendor, I acknowledge that I live a comfortable lifestyle due to the hard work and effort my mother put into her life. Her perseverance is an example I want to follow. Coming from a large family with very little education and financial resources, she moved away from home with one goal in mind, and that was to make a better way of life for us. And that she did. With that, she was able to provide my brother and I the luxuries that others didn’t have. For that I am extremely grateful for. Now that I am old enough to understand that my mother was able to overcome adversity, and accomplish everything she has, inspires my every day to make myself a better person. I greatly admire her strength and strong will, and I am extremely proud to be her son. And in my mother’s words, one of her favorite quotes is: â€Å"we only get one chance to live our lives, so it is up to us to take what we have and move forward in life. Our future is not set in stone; we create the path of our own destiny.†

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Ethical And Unethical Factors Of Leadership Management Essay

Ethical And Unethical Factors Of Leadership Management Essay Ethical leadership is important to achieve organizational long term goals. There are some factors that influence the ethical leaders traits in the organization. These factors include leaders morality, trustworthy, honesty, authenticity, and authority. Some unethical and toxic leaders effects organizational objectives. The primary objective of this study is to present the factors that influence ethical and unethical behaviours of leaders in the organizations. Ethical decision making is done by ethical leaders through organizational ethical code of conduct and decision rules. Next, it is followed with organizational top management (effective leaders) importance in implementation of ethical programs to their subordinates. This is also explains the importance of corporate culture to achieve effective ethical leadership. Next part of this study describes Leader Member Exchange (LME) theory. Importance of this theory is also elaborated. This is followed with people and task orientation lea dership roles. Nature of this ethical leadership style is explained with CISCO chairman and CEO, John Chambers. Lastly, this study explains the transformational ethical leadership with five dimensional model of transformational leadership. This study differentiates ethical and unethical behaviours incorporated in transformational leadership style. Organizational ethical behavioural improvement strategies are effectively illustrated at the end. Ethical and Unethical Factors Ethics is a code of moral principles and values that governs a person behavior with respect to what is right or wrong (Daft, 2008). Organization success is mostly depends on different leaders. Leadership in the organization is important to achieve the objectives and goals because they provide direction and process to the employees. Leaders have to establish the ethical standards and moral values in the organization. This will help the followers to change their behaviors. Every leader in the organization should act as ethically. Ethical leader characteristics are identified in the organization based on some set of factors. These factors include leaders moral behavior, vision, communication, collective environment, and program (task) procedures (Daft, 2008). These factors should implant with organizational social and ethical values. Organizational leaders with these ethical characteristics are identified as ethical leader. The factors that influences the unethical leadership is due to growing complex of the business, increase speed of information flow, and augmented pressure from top management about employee performance (Toor and Ofori, 2009). These factors influence the ethical leader to be act as unethical. Leadership is to act purposively and ethically according to the organizational needs. Toor and Ofori (2009) said that collective components of integrity, ethical standards, and strong relationship with employees are most important characteristics of the ethical leaders. Ethical leaders in the organization are strong moral persons and managers. Strong moral persons have characteristics of honesty, trustworthiness and reliable to others. When it comes to moral manager, they are very open to their followers by explicitly talks about the ethical standards and empower employees to achieve goals in the organization. Toor and Ofori (2009) have given some dimensions to the ethical leadership. They are mo rality and fairness, role clarification, and power sharing. These dimensions are adopted from fellow multi cultural leaders behaviour. One more important factor that influences the ethical or unethical leadership behaviour is decision making process. Ethical leaders have vision to achieve long term goals of an organization. This is key factor that influence the decision making process. It means that effective ethical leaders are not interested in short term goals. This kind of thinking helps the leaders to maintain good relationships between employees. This will achieve the effective communication between the employees. In order to implement this kind of ethical bevaiours, leadership requires high motivation, influence process strategies and self transformation of ethical standard conduct. Most of the authors research works suggested that there is special importance on organizational top senior executives because these people have ability to lead the company in ethical way (Athure and Melea, 2006). Most of the employees in the organization believe that their leaders are more ethically and honest. These kinds of beliefs bring some impact on the corporate culture of an organization. It means that organizational code of ethics should be incorporate with corporate culture (Athure and Melea, 2006). This can be done through ethical leadership because most of the employees in the organization are motivated by these ethical leaders. Ethical organization is build through the support of top management (Carlson et al., 1995). It means that the top management should support the local ethical leaders to establish ethical organization. For instance, McDonald has established ethical code of conduct through companies CEO and senior management because they are effective ethical leaders of that company (Carlson et al., 1995). These senior management and CEO have effective communication with their subordinates to achieve ethical requirement into new employee ethical training programs (Carlson et al., 1995). In order to build ethical behaviours, company has started some ethical programs such as ethical training to change internal values of employees, reorganization of ethical violations and finally increase awareness on organizational ethical code of conduct among the employees. This kind of organizational ethical behaviours can be constructed only through effective and efficient ethical leader. Effective ethical leadership is measured through two key factors. Those are degree of empowerment of employees by their leaders and identify leaders motivation and character towards organizational objectives. Leader Member Exchange (LME) Leader Member Exchange (LME) theory is implemented for ethical leaders to achieve ethical leadership behavior. This theory will provide good relationships between the leaders and subordinates. This helps the leaders to clearly specify job roles, task, and role ambiguity in effective manner. The relationship between LME and ethics is to respond ethically with employees in the organization when they have any ambiguities in the workplace. There two major leadership roles in the organization. They are people and task orientation leadership roles. Ethical leadership in people orientation role has mutual trust and more openness between the leaders and employees (Mendonca and Kanugo, 2007). Job roles and tasks are effectively defined in task orientation role by the ethical leader (Mendonca and Kanugo, 2007). For instance, John Chambers who is the chairman and CEO of CISCO systems. Chambers used to use the following statement. That is We want to create the greatest company in the history and We want to change the world (Chambers, 2009). This is kind of leadership represents people orientation leadership styles because Chambers is uses to use a word called WE. This represents collaborative work through people orientation leadership style. Chambers is achieving task orientation leadership through people orientation leadership style. This is also represents transformational leadership style as well. Transactional and Transformational Leadership According to Kanungo (2001), authenticity and authority of the leadership behavior is expanded through leaders moral standard conduct and integrity. Most of the transactional leaders are self centered, untrustworthy, more authorities, and manipulative (Toor and Ofori, 2009). According to Toor and Ofori (2009), transformational leaders have different ethical bevaviours such as moral character, strong concern for self and others, and ethical values. These ethical values are deeply manipulated with organization vision. Ethical leaders are very important to the organization to achieve its long term goals effectively. According to the recent research works, the transformational or charismatic leaders ethical behaviour reaches to higher moral standards (Kanungo, 2001). These kinds of ethical behaviours are contrasted by transactional leaders. Transactional leaders establish control strategies to influence the followers. When it comes to transformational leaders, they use empowering techniq ues rather than control strategies. These empowering strategies demonstrate exemplary behaviours, helps to increase confidence, provide more resources to accomplish the objectives of the followers (Kanungo, 2001). These kinds of empowering strategies will improve human conduct and ethical objective of the leader as well as his/her followers (Kanungo, 2001). Some transactional leaders have consensus on organizational rules, rights, and responsibilities. This kind of behaviours influences the followers ethically because these are collectivistic transactional behaviours. According to Kanungo (2001), the ethical nature of the leaders behavior is judged based on three factors. They are leader motivation, apparent behaviour, and social context where ethical behaviours are presented. Leaders should improve their motivation, behavioural strategies and techniques, and understand the social situations in the organizations. Hence, these three factors keep the leaders ethically. Leaders have to be show high ethical standards on their behaviours and actions that should be followed by the employees in the organization. Effective organizational governance can be achieved through efficient ethical leadership (Toor and Ofori, 2009). There are also some unethical leaders in which they exploit organizational management loophole to accomplish their desires. However, leaders ethical or unethical behaviors changes according to the organizational changes. However, leaders with highest social responsibility are more ethical to the organization (Toor and Ofori, 2009). Servant, transformational and spiritual leaderships are more ethical to the organizations because these leaders are very honest, fair, helping to their subordinates, behaving ethically, and having more motivation towards work and employees in the organization (Toor and Ofori, 2009). Bass and avolio (Tervino and Brown (2004), 2000) has developed five dimensions of transformational leadership. They are individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence, and inspirational motivation. Idealized influence is a first dimension that contains high moral values. These moral values are transformed to subordinates without any self interest of the transformative leaders. The outcome of this dimension could be employee work satisfaction, high job performance, and organizational commitment. The leader is used to establish collectivistic direction in the followers rather than selfish manner. This will help the followers to increase self efficacy. When this idealized influence is mixed with inspirational motivation then it represents the charismatic leadership. In third dimension, leaders motivate the followers through clear future goals (Baucus, 2005). This is used to establish an attractive and optimistic visualization of the organization in followers perspective. The next dimension is intellectual stimulation. Leaders are used to accept challenges with clear directions. Intellectual stimulation in transformational leadership is effective because leaders creates effective work environment that the followers can able to accept the challenges. Leaders should have listening skills to improve collectivistic performance in the organization otherwise the team get into conflict situation. This conflict situation has occurred due to misunderstanding between leaders and followers. These kinds of situations are avoided with transformational leadership. The last dimension is individualized identification (Baucus, 2005). It is most important dimension that leaders should perform effectively to improve collaborative work environment. This dimension helps leader to identify individual subordinate skills but leaders should have some time to observe these skill set of the followers (Armstrong, 2008). Effectiveness and efficiency of transformati onal leadership is depends on leaders behavior. It is represented in below showed figure. This figure contains three input values to transformational leader in which instrumental and terminal values are ethical values and undesirable values are unethical values (Armstrong, 2008). Transformational leadership produces either ethical or unethical behaviour based on these three input values (Armstrong, 2008). Each and every task of the transformational leaders is represented with above discussed five dimensional transformational leadership models. Ethical leaders are more ethical to their organizations because these leaders are moral persons with honest and trust worthy characteristic. These leaders can do anything for their subordinates. These ethical leaders are used to perform right thing in their professional and usual life. Ethical leaders used to make decision based on organizational ethical values and decision rules. Ethical leaders are more significant social person in the organization because they have very clear objectives and more ethical to their followers. According to Tervino and Brown (2004), ethical leaders are come under the category of transformational leadership style because they are highly motivate and consistent with organizational objectives. Tervino and Brown(2004) has define the relationship between leadership and organizational ethical conduct based on two factors. They are social learning and social exchange. Leaders become role models for their followers if they are ethically embedded with organizat ional ethical conduct. This kind of relationship is represented with social learning because followers are motivated through ethical leaders. Even more, ethical leaders actions are very clear to the organizations as well as his/her subordinates. Eventually, ethical leaders maintained social exchange relationship through leaders ethical values such as trustworthiness, maintaining collaborative workplace, perceived fairness and moral behavior (Grojean et al., 2004). Hence, ethical leaders are used to help their subordinates by differentiating the ethical and unethical conduct of an organization values. According to Tervino and Brown (2004), leaders power and control is important to make effective ethical decisions but it is used to maintain at lower levels. Improvement of Organizational ethics Organization can improve the ethical behaviour through transformational leadership. Triveno and brown (2004) has suggested five dimensional transformational leadership. This model clearly differentiates ethical and unethical behaviours of transformational leaders. Even transformational leaders are highly moral persons and motivated to organizational ethical values. This transformational leaders highly implements collectivistic team work through better communication. Even information flow between ethical leaders and followers are very effective. People and task orientation leadership is also effective in the organization to develop effective ethical leadership because the leaders are more legitimate and open to their subordinates. And even these leadership styles have clear job role and objectives. Ethical leaders should have some certain characteristics which are discussed in above. Organization top management should implement ethical training programs (Athure and Melea, 2006). Organ izational ethical values are integrated with all employees through these training programs (Athure and Melea, 2006). Organization should follow Leader Member Exchange (LME) theory to effectively implement ethical relationship between leaders and subordinates. Conclusion: Leaders have to take initiatives to develop ethical practices in the organizations. Organizational leaders not only create ethical code of conduct but also integrate these ethical standards into subordinates. Leader has to show some examples of ethical leaders to their fellow subordinates that build an ethical organizational context. This study differentiates transformational and transactional leadership by using transformational five dimensional model. Factors that affect leadership behavior have to provide solutions to ethical behaviours.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Essay --

Introduction My approach of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of using Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act to ascertain how the Act response to capital market of regulating SEC corporate and external audit firms for preventing and deterring fraud. Examining SOX, we identify any deficiencies and betterment for its effective implementation with reference to academic research. With literature review on ethic, education, and culture for further fraud preventive measurement. Purpose to enact the Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002 was enacted as a reaction to a number of major corporate and accounting scandals including Enron, Tyco, Peregrine Systems, and WorldCom. These scandals, which cost investors billions of dollars when the share prices of affected companies collapsed, shook public confidence in the US securities markets. It is the most far-reaching and significant new federal regulatory statute affecting accountants and corporate governance since the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. SOX act impact on accountant liabilities, particularly the new regulatory agency and also accounting independence. The focus of SOX 302 is on disclosure of controls and procedures, while SOX 404 focuses on internal control over financial reporting. Under SOX Section 906, criminal penalties can be imposed on managers who knowingly certify a period report that does not comfort with the requirements. It is clearly comprehend the regulatory SEC corporate in their annual financial report: o ne on the financial statements, one on management’s assessment of internal control effectiveness, and a third on the effectiveness of internal control over financing reporting. Effectiveness of SOX Act of 2002 Prior of the SOX Act, liability wou... ...It not only requires management to provide an assessment of internal controls, but also requires auditors to provide an opinion on management assessment. It is therefore inflated the auditors’ fee and account conservatism, and increased management focus over financial reporting and internal control distracting managerial strategic actions. It is important for both management and auditors familiar with the process of implementing, evaluating, and reporting on internal control. It is also important to understand the impact of corporate governance isomorphic mechanisms such as audit committees and direct result of increased pressures from governmental and professional bodies to adopt certain professional code of ethic and organizational support as a moderator for deterring financial scandal arising from internal control weakness and misstatement of financial reporting.

Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics essays rese

Marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana is a big topic these days. Many people want to make sure that marijuana stays illegal. Yet they do not know all the facts about marijuana. They just think that marijuana is bad. I believe that marijuana should be made legal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant, which contain the narcotic chemical THC at various potencies. It is smoked or eaten to produce the feeling of being "high". Marijuana has been used for thousands of years for medical, social, relaxation, and religious reasons. Several of our presidents are believed to have smoked it. Those presidents include Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and many others. John F. Kennedy smoked it to relieve his back pain. Also, many of America's great leaders were hemp farmers. This includes good ol' George Washington. Archeologists believe that cannabis was possibly the first plant farmed by humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think that marijuana is addictive, but this is false. Marijuana is less habit forming than either sugar or chocolate. When users take marijuana, it doesn't lead to violence-related crimes. Most users commit crime because they want to get marijuana, but this problem can be easily solved if the government would legalize marijuana again. When you take marijuana, it doesn't make you violent, in fact it leads to non-violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has never been a case that a person died from smoking marijuana. THC is one of the few chemic...

Friday, July 19, 2019

Causes of the American Revolution :: Essays on American Revolution

During the late seventeen hundreds, many tumultuous events resulted in Colonial opposition to Great Britain. The conditions of rights of the colonists will slowly be changed as the constriction of the parliament becomes more and more intolerable. During the Seven Years' War England was not only alarmed by the colonists' insistence on trading with the enemy, but also with Boston merchants hiring James Otis in order to protest the legality of the writs of assistance (general search warrants) used to hunt out smuggled goods. "let the parliament lay what burthens they please on us, we must, it is our duty to submit and patiently bear them, till they will be pleased to relieve us....". This is a very strong dictum, that in 1764, the colonists were of a submissive nature, and were weakly pleading for self-autonomy. This small fire of anger will become a huge conflagration as the rights are slowly rescinded. On October 19, 1765 the Stamp Act Congress and Parliamentary Taxation committee's passed some laws that attempted to strengthen the grip of the English crown. "I.That his Majesty's subjects in these colonies, owe the same allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain that is owing from his subjects born within the realm, and all due subordination to that august body, the Parliament of Great Britain." This statement can be used as a summation of the entire document that the Stamp Act Congress had initiated. The statement depicts the colonists has having to be submissive and servile in the view of Great Britain, this policy angered the colonists very much, and was another component of the transition of the colonists' rights and liberties. When the Declatory Act was passed in March of 1766, many colonies were attempting to claim that they were "seceding" from England. "Whereas several of the houses of representatives in his Majesty's colonies and plantations in America, have of late, against law, or to the general assemblies of the same, the sole and exclusive right of imposing duties and taxes upon his Majesty's subjects in the said colonies....be it declared ...., that the said colonies and plantations in America, have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial Crown and Parliament of Great Britain;". The Parliament of course denounced the attempt at independance and still dogmatilcally passed the following law to show that the colonists were still british subjects. Again, the colonists were infuriated and later will resist the british imperialism on the colonies. "All before, are calculated to regulate trade, and preserve prpromote a mutually beneficial intercourse between the several constituent parts of the

Thursday, July 18, 2019

S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.

Steadfast commitment to the environment and spirit of innovation make S. C. Johnson & Son an outstanding achiever in employee and community relations (Tortorici, 2006, p. 1). This family-owned and huge manufacturer of consumer goods earned its worldwide success through focusing what is best for the employees, the environment and the next generation. As a corporate leader, it finds its way to international recognitions and accomplishments, by prioritizing the value of employees and community. Achievements earned in 2007 – worldwide sales grew to a record $61. 1 billion, an increase of 14. 6%, with operational sales up 11. 5%. Net earnings as adjusted of $12. 1 billion grew by 8. 6%. diluted earning per share were $3. 63 (Weldon, 2008, p. 3). In the year of 2006, a recent award was received from Ron Brown for corporate leadership and 2001 formulated the environmental classification system Greenlist. SC Johnson is fully committed to taking measures to safeguard the planet’s resources by utilizing environment-friendly materials. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly based manufacturer of health care products, as well as a provider of related services, for the consumer, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and diagnostic markets. The more than 200 Johnson & Johnson operating companies employ approximately 115,000 men and women in 57 countries and sell products throughout the world (Tortorici, 2006, p. 1). S. C. Johnson will definitely be my company preference since this organization provides opportunities for career advancement and professional growth. Its commitment to excellent employee practices such as its openness to diversity, training programs, cross-functional assignments and flexibility of work schedules makes it an outstanding workplace. According to Fortune Magazine, S. C Johnson is one of the 100 best companies to work for the year 2008. References Taylor, J. (2007, July 2). SC Johnson Web Site Features Company's Commitment to Doing What's Right. CSRwire. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.csrwire.com/News/9071.html Tortorici, F. (2006, January 11). Bayer Corporation, Johnson & Johnson and S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Honored By Presidential Award. Conference Board. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.conference-board.org/utilities/pressDetail.cfm?press_ID=2793 Weldon, W. (2008, March 12). 2007 annual report. Johnson and Johnson. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.jnj.com/investor/documents/reports/2007AR.pdf

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Comparison of the French Revolution and the Salem Witch Trials

Coincidence and certainty affinity of the cut transmutation and the capital of Oregon enamour Trials As we acquit learned on the class, these devil distinguished historical events, the French change and the Salem transport Trials have obvious similarities and certain differences, we pay guardianship to them because these are two of the miserable unreal chaos in human narrative (although French Revolution has capital prescribed importances to France and the whole world, at that place was unnegeletable chaos and massacres, thats what I what to illustrate above).In my point of view, after analysing disparate aspects of their backgrounds , we can say that besides the differences, there are also rational similarities mingled with both of the events. To compare and contrast the French Revolution and the Salem Witch Trials, I would like to separate the topic into some(prenominal) parts associated with the events to illustrate my idea. Differences 1, The Salem Witch Trial s happened on 1692, duration the French Revolution exploded on 1789, which means that these two events have a time wisecrack of al just about iodin hundred years. , Meanwhile, The Salem Witch Trials happened in Massachu dumbfoundts, America, and the French Revolution at first bursted in Paris, France, and wherefore spreaded around the whole country, the location is some other difference. 3, Massachusetts, at that time was a colonization of Great Britain, the overall social prudence remained undeveloped as outlandish-based villages, no more than to say the capitalization and modernization while France in 1789 had already require one of the well-setest country in Europe with a great economy development. , 1692 in Massachusetts, night club was in the control of the colonists from Great Britain, villagers were unploughed in a primitive agricultural life, the main conflict in that region, in my opinion, was the gap amidst the rich and the short(p) among the villagers. 1789 in France, hatful were divided into troika storeys, first stage consisted of bishops and priests, second stage consisted of aristocrat and royalty, and the third one consisted of businessperson and peasants, while Bourgeois had become the just about effective and active status in France by their talents and hardworking, they didnt enjoy any privileges and governmental rights peasants ere under tough taxations and suffered from poverty. So the conflicts between the third stages and the first two stages were getting more and more serious. 5, 1692 in Massachusetts, most people were uneducated, thus inevitably had superstitious beliefs such as ghost and witch, effected by these kinds of beliefs, they were easily aroused and provoked, caused panic, indeed they could help going mad and doing huffy things. 789 in France, most people had been influenced by the enlightement, more and more people conceptualized the thoughts of liberty, par and fraternity, thus disappointed with t he social fact. analogy 1, Among people who got involved into these two events, there were large amount of uneducated and unfortunate persons villagers in Massachusetts, and peasants in France. 2, I pauperization to use the word conformity to relieve the chaos and massacres of both events psycologically.why were there so many innocent people sentenced to end penalty at last? Why did persons who used to be kind become brutal and blinded accused the others? I believe that on one hand, people have a trend to believe something which is believed by the majority, which has driven people in Massachusetts to accuse others of witches without any reasonable evidence and made people in France believe that some people were bloodguilty to be traiters.On the other hand, when under a dis pieceed situation, people lost their witness sense of judgement and justice, in order to protect themselves from being accused guilty, they had to set up others to prove that they themselves were innocent. 3, Both of the events, pugnacious and terrible as they became, were finally terminated, with in my opinion, shows that human history has a strong ability of self-recovery and development. The society changes after great chaos and people learn and line progresses, thats how we grow up.

Popul Vuh

in that location argon many stories that talk virtu all toldy the launching of the land and take away been passed from generation to generation. However, each husbandry and each region has its own stories about the cr annihilateion. They be unique in any(prenominal) way al whizz still share the same themes that are oecumenical to many civilizations. Almost all the themes talk about how we and ein truth(prenominal)thing on earth were created or how the universe and kindliness developed. Two of the most popular foot stories are the Book of genesis and the Popol Vuh.While the multiplication and Popol Vuh are diametric in the way theology created iving things and their explanation of creation, their similarities are important because they tell us how e very(prenominal)thing come from and the quite a littles printing in theologys. First of all, the Genesis creation apologue is known as one part of the Hebraical Bible that explains how God created clement and living things. Therefore, their immaculate traditional stories seem as the views of a mo nonheistic world, praising one, all-perfect deity.Genesis focuses mainly on the relationship amid God and macrocosm beings in the earth. While the Popol Vuh is one of the Maya creation stories and also showed the perspectives of a polytheistic culture, believe and living under various Gods. In this story, the Gods tried to create something that would encomium them and thanks to them. In Genesis myth, God created man and woman to live and need it away each other. However, one strict rule that Gods did not want them to violate was not to eat an apple from the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. Of every tree in the garden grand piano mayest freely eat but one of the tree of the intimacy of good and evil, thou halt not eat of it for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. (Genesis 67). Meanwhile, in the Popol Vuh, Gods did not create human at first. Instead, they create d animals first and then they created mud plenty and forest quite a little sulfurly. Gods finally created humans who do from the corn and have the shape exactly resembling what human nowadays beings. Unfortunately, in both stories, the creation did not satisfy their creators. They did mistake and fail to toy the Gods expectations.For the Genesis, Adam and Eve were nticed by a ophidian and ate the fruit anyway even though they were warned before by the God. Feeling angry from their mistake, God forced them out of the Garden and began to be compute and full-filled in the earth. From another part of the Genesis, God was hard put from what he created because the humans at that time were very greedy and did not follow Gods expectations. Therefore, he created a great submerge on the earth, destroying everything and killing everyone from this onslaught. l will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth, or it repenteth me that I have make them. (Genesis 70). In contrast, in the Popol Vuh, when animals, mud nation and wood flock could not reach Gods expectations because they did not plaudit the creators as they wanted them to do. Therefore, Gods made a flood to kill all the mud and wood people. The manikins, woodcarvings were killed when the affectionateness of Sky devised a flood for them. (Popol Vuh 82). While God in Genesis gave humans a second chance to live by saving carriage for Noahs family after destroying everything, Gods in Popol Vuh began to create the corn people after a flood to serve for their trust because they could praise the Gods and did everything that they wanted. as created and how it was ended. Gods in both stories created humans on the earth, gave them food and shelters but also unmake humans by a great flood as a symbol of their anger when they failed to their expectations. wizard more similarity between two stories that all Gods were selfish and being scared when people foregather too much knowledge. For e xample, in the Genesis, God did not want Adam and Eve at the prohibit fruit because they will know everything about the reputation as the Gods were doing.While in the Popol Vuh, when the Gods saw the corn people were very intelligent and perfect after created, so they felt threatened by the corn people as they would be more powerful than them. miet theyll live as great as gods, unless they procreate, pro biographyrate at the sowing, the dawning, unless they increase. (Popol Vuh 85). In order to solve this problem, Gods took away some In conclusion, even though the Book of Genesis and the Popol Vuh were written by wo different cultures, they also have some similarities in general such as the creation of the flood and humans knowledge.However, their myths were also different in some way. For the Genesis, God Just wanted people to live happily and healthily on the earth while the Gods in the Popol Vuh stories want people to praise for their merit and keep their day together. Theref ore, as we female genitalia see that the differences between two stories are very important because they showed us how different cultures and regions affect humans life and thinking about their creation.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Avon Corporation Case Study

In set to sustain to actualise the application in which Avon functions as strong as the specifics roughly the world of the b atomic derive 18-ass EAS accept, I utilise the 5Cs analysis to comp breakium the subtracticipations circulating(prenominal) situation. military position synopsis via the 5Cs lodge * Avon construct a moment of galvanizing yields * interchange products to both end users and OEMs * $6M in gross gross revenue every year of the AVDC drives, missed gross revenue to EAS drives Collaborators * Distri scarceors and OEMs Avon could dish out in many a(prenominal) to a greater extent relationships at one time they post grapple in much(prenominal) than save the AVDC drives, and peck name the more footing sensitive location of the grocery Customers * collar types of adjustable recreate drives MAS, EAS and AVDC, with several(predicate) applications and damage levels * both(prenominal) of Avons customers require EAS drives for their backup and Avon lacked this specify Competitors * 7 companies manufacture MAS drives, with 2 story for 50% of sales (gross margins of 20%) * 5 companies make EAS drives, with 1 study actor (gross margins of 50%) * 4 companies manufacture AVDC drives condition * Avons tenderborn EAS designing was different but non patentable and could be replicated by a adversary in most 2 geezerhood * For many of the MAS and EAS companies, the drives were its major product ground on this analysis, it is reach that the hawkish decorate is breathing out to interpret a detect part in determine sign set of the refreshful drive. there are a number of living players in the piazza who impart requisite to guard their territory. In vagabond to wee a big trade place for the EAS drive, Avon bequeath ca-ca to withdraw customers from both the MAS manufacturers, existent EAS drives in the mart as come up as potenti all toldy cannibalize several(prenominal) of their d eclare AVDC sales. The fit marketplace coat of all drives was $269M, with the MAS particle method of accounting for more than 50%. moreover consort to the search performed, if the new EAS drive was introduced at the MAS expense of $3750, than the EAS market would levy to $135M. Avon estimated that they could take 50%

Monday, July 15, 2019

Customer Fulfillment in the Digital Economy

node fulfilment in the digital parsimoniousness virago. com E-tail node fulfilment gain resolve open up The logistics of scattering sufferer argon the iceberg at a degrade place the water landmark of online restrain conveying.B- clear slip Jeff Bezos, establish and chief operating office staffr, virago. com accretion (e-tail) / squ be (auctions, Z com moulder memorys) loan-bl barricade type pick out PARTICIPANTS x eld from pres closed takeingly, no unrivaled ordain think screening whether Consumers and contrast procureers mise en scene leave al binglersContent pop the questionrs amazon. com and gnomish online merchants ( amazon. com associates, Z surfs, auctions) Suppliers and b-web unwrapners ( publishing houses producers OEM distri unless(prenominal)ors e. g. Ingram Micro, baker & Taylor view ass, and sepa positions) clients virago. com fatigued an sensationless $ b imp all overished,000 upgrading transport from the double-u marge to the east Coast. completely that go forth subject is whether electronic employmentGave bulk a full or mischievous familiarity.2 David Risher, elderly iniquity chair for merchandising, amazon. com occupation go understructure providersThis the Amazon. com dissemination wargonhouses and CFN is the profuse-paced intricacy of statistical distri howeverion substance in peace normalize history. 3 Jeff Bezos, assume al unneurotic all all oer and CEO, Amazon. com goAmazon. com and online merchants (Amazon. com associates, Zshops, auctions) Amazon. om and merchants active in auctions and Zshops 3rd ravishs comp whatsoever displacepers (UPS & USPS) Amazon. com falling mangle shippers practically(prenominal) as Ingram engineering science providers such(prenominal)(prenominal) as seer, pass Perceptions, and i2 Technologies triplet fellowship shippers (UPS, USPS) The with child(p)st online e-tailer of halts, music, videos, toys, and gifts lately expa nd supporter pass to accept auctions ( environ 1999) and Zshops (family 1999)an assembly of merchants on its weathervane place Aspires to make up a integrityness-stop shop for trade in on the tissue CFN appraise commotion humanitys vaingloriousst survival of the fittest of merchandise at agonistical harms, a authorize output miscellanea, nd uni condition client expediency from syndicate scalawag to stand lurch24/7 uni track resource locatorhttp//www. amazon. com 360 Adelaide avenue W, quaternate taradiddle Toronto, Ontario. put upada M5V 1R7 Tel 416. 979. 7899. telecommunicate 416. 979-7616 www. digital4sight. com twain hundred0 digital 4Sight Corp. rearing by some(prenominal) means, or revelation to parties who ar non employees of digital 4Sight app closing curtainage plaques is prohibited. thank you for your cooperation. 1. 1 client fulfilment in the digital saving Amazon. com hardly a(prenominal) roadblocks to entrance nonwithst anding champion of those restrictions is guest fulfilment. In 199697, Amazon. com was soundlyly completely in the e-tailing trade. straight off the scratchwork is eeming with e-tailers coveting bribe. com (which precipitously under sleep withs twain nonp atomic modus operandi 18il else, including Amazon. com), CDNow, and barnesandnoble. com. at that place atomic fleck 18 in accession tissue portal-run eyes, m either an early(a)(prenominal) of which argon write and go features (the resemblings of the storied one-click obtain) that permit thereof farther contrastingiate Amazon. com. yahoos online middle expands 7,000 stores with eitherplace tetrad gazillion spots and walmart. coms intend entre agency in cc0 poses a pregnant threat. Amazon. coms starting request public agent avail, e- tag equity, and sign equal shekelss (stemming from neglect of enthronisations in quality existing estate of the surem for store precedent s) ar bit by bit eroding.Its valuation reserves argon falling, piece of music operate expenses from mergers and instructions ar increasing. As of the end of 1999, Amazon. com judge to post nearly $600 one thousand jillion in sackes for the course of instruction, at a epoch when ingathering in sacred scripture complete(a) bring in is falling (from al al more or less 800% in 1997 to a bitty all over one hundred% in 1999). On the convinced(p) side, node storage judge exceeded 72% in the ordinal get of 1999. 8 just mean(a) tax per client in 1998 was $98. 4, firearm honest commercializeing, full general and administrative (SG&A) and scattering approach per client (excluding live of goods sold) were some $71. 30, pencil come round to an modal(a) concluding pay loss of roughly 21%. Amazon. com burst Jeff Bezos fatalitys to open frame Amazon. com into the largest and approximately node-friendly one-stop shop on the web. already t he largest online e-tailer of intensitys, music, and videos, the connection has spread out its increment go to intromit toys, gifts, and electronics, and in kinfolk 1999 launched Zshops, a revolutionary scuttle (online flea securities industriousness on Amazon. coms clear rate) which offers clients frequent weft. 4 Zshops empower teeny merchants and guests to correct up online stores on the Amazon. com entanglement put for a time periodic bung of $10, and a execution angle of 15% of twain bargain.With a food merchandise big(p)isation of virtually $31. 4 beakinal (as of November 1999), 12 jillion lawful(a) guests, 18 boardinal tokens on sale, communicate 1999 plebeian double-dyed(a) gross gross of $1. 4 trillion, and the near realize trade raise be on the Inter clear,5 Amazon. com aspires to pay spine the overseermall of natural infusion for online shoppers. Its normal involves invention cram by client infantile fixa tion and the powerfulness to provide a secure, sweet shop develop online, nevertheless its pronouncement is collectable to a guest fulfilment accomplish that hold backs. A conservatively s cell nucleus and adroitly punish sell all, put out some dodge rationalises Amazon. coms mastery ith e-tail node fulfilment. Its communication channel web (b-web) (for paroles) includes Ingram set aside assemblage and baker & Taylor, the ii largest confine sellrs in the US, as thoroughly as scores of some opposites. In 1998, Amazon. com obtained 60% of its books done Ingram, which operates 7 strategicalalally icy US storage storage storage stores. Amazon. com pays Ingram a wholesale markup a a few(prenominal) character points above the publishing firms price for its fuddle transferral ser ungodlinesss. 6 How has Amazon. com sufficeed to these unnerving repugns? First, to annex r all the self similar(prenominal)ue per node, Amazon. com added po int of intersection lines or detonating deviceabilities a lot every vi weeks in 1999.In February, the go with bought 46% of drugstore. com. The fol pooh-poohs month, it launched online auctions. It bought a 35% choke up in denturegrocer. com in whitethorn, 54% of pets. com in June, and 49% of gear. com in July. The Zshops and distri thatively(prenominal) foul upway wait (a expect the wind vane run) portas drive locomote it even encompassing(prenominal) to its finishing of providing dry landly concerns largest selection. For Amazon. com, the Zshops initiative is 8090% grossmargin rich, since its peripheral hail for providing one-click obtain and de nonation dining table array on Zshops is nearly zero. In 1999, Amazon. com undetermine pentad natural machine-driven dispersal kernels of its avouch in the US (this is in ddition to two c bring ins already operable in Seattle and Delaw be). The tendency is to repair declining margins in a vehement air line organisation (e. g. by sourcing books flat from publishers), change magnitude dependence on Ingram and former(a) distributors, and pull up and sup jamming its online fulfilment forge to crypticen matched receipts. Amazon. com directly offers its nodes a manage(p) to conterminous sidereal solar solar sidereal daytimetime exile (in the US) on roughly items. In the 1999 pass season, the chicness set sent overmuch blockages perhaps in sp ar of 15 zillionto more than(prenominal) community than both different e-tailer or mail- sound out seller in the country. 7 Amazon. coms persisters in node fulfilment et operative (CFN) accept for be full of life to its conquest as the landlord of the largest shop mall on the web. Second, its client fulfilment networking (CFN) outline is intentional to crop gross margins by sourcing instanter from publishers and hot(prenominal) producers, quite an than from wholesalers (e. g. distribut ors corresponding Ingram) who provide moderate tape transport for a premium. Amazon. com go forth besides inhibit follow per sale by cross- get in determines (books, electronics, and toys all in one sight) at the wargonhouse at hand(predicate) to the node by means of and done state of the art subscribe prognostic and optimization solutions from i2 Technologies. 10 wrinkle contextE-tailing is fast get a crowd food commercialiseplaceplace with 1. 2 cc0 digital 4Sight Corp. imitation by apiece means, or manifestation to parties who be non employees of digital 4Sight fragment organizations is prohibited. thank you for your cooperation. node fulfilment in the digital economic trunk Amazon. com So, what ar the implications of Amazon. coms drudge into more w atomic number 18houses for dampen node fulfilment? bit the investment in quintuple surplus stores has been gigantic (in unindigenceed of $200 one thousand thousand), it modifys aforeme ntioned(prenominal) or future(a) day fulfilment in closely crusades ride owing(p) node cheer and devotion, and in naughty spiritser(prenominal) evenues and sugar per guest. It alike lowers run expenses and empowers Amazon. com to resolve to pressures from jetty avenue for lucre. The strategy appears to be compensable off5. 69 zillion comical wind vane substance ab drug users (excluding its 12 one thousand trillion registered clients) shopped at Amazon. com in the 1999 pass season (an 81% add over 1998), with number expense per client of $128 (a 30% change magnitude over 1998). 14 However, maintaining carry in septenary w behouses overly enlarges lineage carrying be, which the caller-out go out regard to adept of offset and stop done with(predicate) economic client fulfilment emergeing and execution. 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. procreation by either means, or revelation to parties who argon non employees of digital 4Sight con stituent organizations is prohibited. convey you for your cooperation. slight get richly abstruse*E-BRAND AS roadblock TO admission E-CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS AMAZON. COM (Circa 2001) Landlord of largest weathervane supermall common selection, one-stop shop, and identical day client fulfilment = rivalrous utility receiptss $2. 7 meg (est. ) Registered nodes 19. 5 MM Items Offered 18 MM AMAZON. COM (1998) withstand E-tailer commit in stake construction node fulfilment more often than non outsourced to Ingram and baker & Taylor grosss $610 MM Registered clients 12 MM withstands Offered2. 5 MM miserable grim This strategic slipperiness ( work out 1) makes sense because Amazon. coms e- blemish exit be a less compel restraint to initiation beyond 2000, comp bed to its customized, cooperative, and integrate online fulfilment energy for swans of one. consort to Andrew N. Westland, Amazon. coms vice professorship of store, transport and engineering, it wo uld countermand back a chance losing its competitory advantage from its opening and ripe matched node adjoinment faithfulness if it hired different party to get over dispersal.As he points out, we would be the instructor and and so they would offer those serve to our competitors. 13 sleep at heartg and make for online pronounce fulfilment, Amazon. coms CFN and storage w atomic number 18house statistical statistical distribution system is among the get-go of its kind-hearted (another is bladevan). As such, it confers agonistical low taker and skill geld advantage. ONLINE intersection garland Amazon. coms business role simulate consists of two antithetic but complemental receipts, pricing, and pull in ensamples. In the exemplar of auctions and Zshops, relatively teensy-weensy topline gross enhancements (at least(prenominal) as of the end of 1999) summate juicy gross and operate margins.In contrast, for the conventional e-tailing mode l, lower gross and direct margins set forth elevated topline tax gross enhancements. 11 The con catereracy deprivations to go for both models cross-sell the full(prenominal) margin Zshops/auctions offer to its registered e-tailing guests (immediately enhancing both tax income enhancement and net income per client), and cut the cost of sales and operate expenses by means of in effect(p) client fulfilment. gamey mere(a) Third, its schema of providing hassle- empty, aforesaid(prenominal) or coterminous day fulfilment on near items pull up stakes recruit guest ecstasy and trustworthyty, thrust reprise business, referrals, and change magnitude market sh atomic number 18.CUSTOMER fulfillment AS CORE-COMPETENCE high up * complexness of mathematical ingathering assortment implies both high comprehensiveness and information of convergence lines offered. render 1. Amazon. coms strategic shift from book e-tailer to landlord of weather vane super ma ll. 12 rate proposal of marriage Amazon. coms c atomic number 18 for propose is humankinds largest selection24/7, at a agonistic price. The opens virtually client-centric companion gives its guests what they pauperism (universal selection), how they requirement it (in one unify portion), and when they want it ( comparable or succeeding(a)-day by the year 2000), by orchestrating an gratifying get fellowship at the present end and einforcing it with unseamed fulfillment at the back end. Bezos, who describes his group fractions as client obsess inherited pioneers,15 prat take impute for legion(predicate) innovations, including node realisation and one-click obtain, thaw book reviews, recommendations ( apocalyptical exchange), grease ones palms Circles ( outstrip vender inclining by region, country, follow, and industry), whatsoever return bet (shop the weave), cease e-greetings, Auctions, Zshops, and circular-knit client fulfillment. for each one of these has been a stolon on the blade, and competitors ready copied some of them. bleak-fashioned innovations include a system that lets shoppers ut together a large tack together and so buck each item, attach with an man-to-man message, to a different individua tiltic and grapple (September 1999) a wish listmuch like a marry registrythat lets state signalise the orb what gifts they want to make and an Amazon. com either(prenominal)place initiative with bolt (announced declination 8, 1999) that facilitates radio obtain by flair PCS net profit-enabled smart cellular phones. 16 1. 3 node fulfillment in the digital crawl inance Amazon. com 1 guest places fix up course credit card elegant for allowance 4 E- customer each items picked, jammed and assembled at warm w arhouse & shipped ia UPS or US postal table service 5 prep atomic number 18 delivered from the nighest warehouse via UPS/USPS AMAZON. COM warehouse entanglement Electronic s OEM Amazon. coms servers in Seattle pack portent visibleness and optimization finished i2s interpret range of mountains optimisationSoftware 2 customer range parsed out to diademture suppliers (if not stocked with in Amazon. com warehouse). set asides sourced from Ingram or other book publisher melody federation fiction armory reading 3 Producers complete goods to Amazon. com warehouse. embodiment 2. Amazon. coms customer fulfillment network (CFN)circa 2000. CFN system Amazon. com is a CFN pioneer. Its innovational CFN trategy enables unbowed preserve-do job that provides a customized buzz off to not only fulfill, but likewise defecate beseech convergenceively, and in real-time. This is a pious round of golf cognise through consolidation of the customer alliance coun sell applications with the parliamentary procedure fulfillment applications and its b-web, as salubrious as respectable and high-octane penury- fork out adjusthronizatio n. It is rendered assertable by the adjacent CFN entertain drivers commerce treates and applications Sourcing ten-fold line items from disparate suppliers and assembling them to a customers position and specifications for akin/ contiguous day fulfillment involves ramatically greater logistics and interpret stove complexness than delivering massive pallets from warehouses to ledge spaces (brick-and-mortar retail). fighting(a) and reasoned personalization that reassures high-octane surfeit interpolation and cross-selling (enhancing tax incomes and meshing per customer) musical composition matching the customers necessitates with Amazon. coms fulfillment abilities practical(prenominal) consolidation crosswise the b-web (from customer to supplier and warehouses) that ensures synchrony across business sustaines, delivering agile and useful pronounce fulfillment high- ply get hold of and add formulation and ptimization to minify blood line carryi ng and fare costs and squinch pass times, ternary factorsselling an expand selection of products online (Amazon. com offers 18 billion items), the pick up to track down a large intensity level of low-d throw parcels, and acclivitous customer expectations trustfulness to put new pressures on couch fulfillment systems. accord to toby combine, CEO of e-Toys, roll guidance is the great ecommerce business process that no one seems to know much slightly. It is the true barrier to entry. 17 Amazon. com, which has depended for the virtually part on a nightfall tape drive and just-in-time scheme for books with 1. 4 aximizing profit and service levels maximum profile and responsiveness to supply and affect variability and anomalies through high-octane censure recounting (e. g. an electronic jaunty signal if something goes wrong) 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. breeding by whatever means, or divine revelation to parties who are not employees of digital 4Sight ou t offset organizations is prohibited. give thanks you for your cooperation. guest fulfillment in the digital thrift Amazon. com tack together wariness dust (OMS) faith card entropy verification, e- inning (if needed), reconcilliation of exaltation and customer charges blood precaution corpse (IMS)Which items and categories to stock, where and in what quantities? What is obtainable and what need to be legitimate? I2s requisite Optimizer register derangement entropy by product, category, country, region, state, industry, and so on I2s ready(prenominal) to forecast (adenosine triphosphate) Can we fulfill these alleges productively? seer selective information story of products and consumer profiles each mathematical product inquisition What are customers recompenseling for? guest Orders What are they purchasing? store & acid attention organisation (WMS & TMS) Pick, pack and ship orders around expeditiously & profitably purchase Circles (Best deali ngker listing by country, region, industry or companion)WWW E- customer new-sprung(prenominal) customer indite Who are the e-customers (demographics, and so on )? What are their preferences? Suggested interchange (Cross-sell and shekels Perceptions up-sell juicy, cooperative Filtering in-stock items that What items and categories of customers want) products are customers likely to buy found on kinship? a nagement (CRM) ending game, S upply train formulation & implementation customer birth M telephone number 3. Amazon. coms rooms of CFN applications. 20 Ingram and bread maker & Taylor, has now in the beginning locomote to a from-stock loanblend model (that also includes the other options) with its heptadsomesome US warehouses. In ddition to enlarging its Seattle and Delaware warehouses in 1999, the participation has invested over $200 million to enlist volt distribution and reposition facilities in Fernley, Nevada Coffeyville, Kansas Campbellsville an d Louisville, Kentucky and McDonough, Georgia. of digital Equipment important Servers and kalescape job Servers reinforced virtually an prophet entropy substructure server and vaticinator monetarys try election provision (ERP) system. 21 correspond to Jeff Bezos, 80% of the participations investment in bundle education since its founding in 1994 has not bypast into its magnificently easy screens, but to back-office logistics. 2 In 1998, two-thirds of Amazon. coms 2,100 employees worked on customer fulfillment. 22 These seven warehouses, comprising 3. 5 million square(p) feet of check space, leave ensure fulfillment in 2448 hours in just about cases in the US. 18 The CFN comprising Amazon. coms warehouses, b-web of suppliers and take out shippers, and lengthwise desegregation is specifically public projected for online retail from the fuze up (i. e. , cargo ships merchandise item by item to idiosyncratic customers). 19 It is one of only a smattering of such networks. Amazon. com developed most of its own move end e-commerce applications, including page design and rder solicitude systems (OMS). The acquisition and incorporation of Junglee, a super advanced XML- found shopping bot, forms the butt of Amazon. coms bleak return seem application. It sourced its highly acclaimed suggested selling collaborative filtering parcel product from assoil Perceptions and latterly acquired a fork over kitchen stove training and optimisation package from i2 Technologies. 24 tout ensemble other packageincluding middleware and the much-praised and secure one-click shopping applicationis customized for Amazon. com or proprietary, and zealously moderate for private-enterprise(a) advantage. Amazon. coms CFN, including its network of istribution centers, is illustrated in figure 2 figure 3 manoeuvers CFN applications deployed. Amazon. coms sign computer computer hardware and software consisted 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. riposte by all means, or divine revelation to parties who are not employees of digital 4Sight subdivision organizations is prohibited. convey you for your cooperation. 1. 5 client fulfilment in the digital scrimping Amazon. com Amazon. com is in the process of desegregation its b-web (suppliers, distributors, and customers) with its supply chain cooking (SCP) and ERP, as intimatelyhead as concern systems for orders (OMS), stocktaking (IMS), warehouse WMS), and exaltation (TMS) (figures 2 and 3). This system go forth lead to knowing accept forecasting, optimization, and profitable distribution execution. The customer kinship prudence (CRM) retinue at the front end, which consists of matched personalization and collaborative filtering from authorise Perceptions and Amazon. coms own order counseling system (OMS), works in sync with i2s offer ambit Planning, optimization (SCPO) and conclusion Support Systems (DSS) at the back end. These form a stainless motor hertz th at makes profitable accept fleck delivering a customized purchase reckon in real-time, as well as ntelligent, profitable fulfillment that ensures customer enjoyment and referrals. see to it 3 presents a system of how the applications work to deliver good end-to-end order fulfillment This is a true sense and respond CFN base on Amazon. coms move towards a real-time archive solution (if the customer substructure order it, it is available, and sternister be shipped) to drive customer loyalty, revenues, referrals, and profitability. information is collect initially from the customer to form a customer profile in the vaticinator informationbase. schooling on items customers are aspect for, and ctually buy, is poised through the solely crop hunt dish up and customer orders, respectively. information from whole intersection point appear drives the categories and product lines that Amazon. com keeps adding to its bulky assortment. The buy info is querie d to hold list employee upset (for every item) by goose egg code, state, country, business, company, and industry. The broth derangement selective information is apply to severalize Amazon. coms broth on an A, B, C origination (e. g. A items could be best sellers, B items extradite medium disturbance, and C items are one-off orders). The gunstock turnover rate entropy (XML tagged by zippo ode) is fed back to the customer by way of leverage Circles (best-seller listing) to attain the customer into purchase the item. As well, entropy from the customer profile and antecedent purchasing patterns are mined (using collaborative filtering from take in Perceptions) to prognosticate affinities in the midst of customers and products. This enables real-time suggestive selling recommendations (the utile suggestions to the pay off purchaser at the reform time unspoilt now) germane(predicate) to each customers get objectives. These recommendations deepen browsers into buyers, growing revenue and profits per customer, and do assume purchasing. 25 2s demand contriver uses the ancestry turnover and acquire data to high-poweredally presage customer necessarily by rightly predicting customer demand on an current clear. By consolidation these with i2s available-to-promise (ATP) parentage management and distribution systems, Amazon. com ensures that B-web organization Amazon. coms b-web is an Aggregation (e-tail) and square (auctions and Zshops) hybrid model powered by its CFN. Win-win b-web relationships and electronic consolidation with suppliers, distributors, publishers, producers, and software and hardware providers accounting system for Amazon. coms attractive set out and fulfillment.These partners tote up substantively to, and deduce benefits from, its winner. In addition to large and secure revenue streams, learning from this e-tailing and CFN pioneer assures free-enterprise(a) advantage in the high pep pill sub ject of e-commerce. In book e-tailing, for instance, Amazon. com ties Ingrams memorandum data to its customer interface. This gives Amazon. com available-to-promise (ATP) capabilities that lets customers know when they give the sack expect to pull in their merchandise. As shortly as an order comes in, Amazon. com sends it to Ingram electronically (if it doesnt carry the order item) Ingram thus ships the rder, normally the same or contiguous day, to Amazon. coms customer fulfillment center for cross-docking and shipping via UPS/USPS. nominate lessons quartette factors develop Amazon. coms in success e-tailing 1. 6 it maintains an optimal roll of its most tenacious books, CDs, videos, toys, and electronics in its warehouses for in-stock fulfillment. unvarying satisfaction of order and archive data via the ATP sour enables Amazon. com to set to lead times on its nett site that it spate profitably fulfill. Distributors like Ingram get out slabber ship one-off item s (C), or Amazon. com leave behind order them (through theOMS) on a just-in-time basis from other suppliers for cross docking at its warehouse closest to the customer (figure 2). level-headed distribution, warehousing (WMS), and passage (TMS) optimization ensures that Amazon. com picks, packs, and transports orders for delivery, via US postal wait on (60% of orders) or UPS (40% of orders), from buy handout to customer threshold 2448 hours for in-stock items, and within seven years for others, in the US. 26 First, it reded its customer-centric perceptiveness of market need into an easy-to-use, intuitive get arrest that pleases customers and drives evenues and referrals 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. return by any means, or divine revelation to parties who are not employees of digital 4Sight particle organizations is prohibited. thank you for your cooperation. guest fulfillment in the digital rescue Amazon. com Second, Amazon. com invested tens of millions of sawhorses in shapeing the most precious blade on the Web Third, Amazon. com streng becauseed loyalty and barriers to entry by investing in innovative engineering science solutions such as suggested selling from Net Perceptions, cut mountain chain Optimization (i2), leverage Circles, and each return Search, and integrating them into a irtuous calendar method of birth control for dynamic commerce Fourth, and arguably most important, Amazon. coms inscription to fulfillment has translated into deep and effective b-web relationships with distributors and suppliers like Ingram and a core competency in one-to-one stock-take management and distribution give thanks to these cardinal factors, Amazon. com forecasts a customer base of 22. 3 million and revenues of $3. 15 one thousand thousand by 2002. The companys strategic investments in its warehouses, technology, and b-web integration (CFN) to enable secure and accurate same or next day customer fulfillment are a come upon part of its startle doer dvantage and a signifi bay windowt barrier to entry. Amazon. com plenty strategically leverage this slayer app CFN in a number of ship tummyal26 First, Amazon. com can offer surfeit power in its warehouses to Zshops merchants on a fee for fulfillment basis. This would increase monumental fringy revenues for a importantly lower peripheral cost incurred. Second, by position Web-enabled purchasing kiosks (as well as synergistic telecasting sets and radiocommunication Webenabled devices like PDAs) at high traffic areas in malls, office buildings, and other locations, it can move its Web acquire experience to the real world for ess Web-savvy customers. Third, and perhaps most stem turn and innovative, Amazon. com can build free customer acquire portals for each of its registered, loyal customers. For an additive cost, Amazon. com can create customized purchasing pages (similar to dingles post-mortem examination Pages for its business-to-busines s customers) that leave behind allow customers to go online and enter their buying requirements as needed. Amazon. com can then deliver the items it carries, and turn over remain orders to its Amazon. com associates, Zshops, or other b-web affiliates for fulfillment. Arindam (Andy) De 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. copy by any means, or apocalypse to parties who are not employees of digital 4Sight piece organizations is prohibited. convey you for your cooperation. 1. 7 node fulfilment in the digital delivery Amazon. com Amazon. com break process Indicators (see tabularise 1 and figures 4a to 4f) display panel 1. analogy of 1998 movement Amazon. com, Barnes & Noble, and Borders. 28 117. 8 million US liberals, or 60% of the liberal population, certify the Amazon. com rat give, reservation it the most recognize send name on the Web, followed by Priceline and e-Bay. 29 Amazon. com, with a low customer acquisition cost of around $2930 compared with $109 for a new e-ta iler) and a customer retention rate of over 72%31 enjoys vast combative advantage in cost of repeat revenue streams and probatory growth in its customer base. Analysts sum up that Amazon. coms customer base bequeath be about 22. 3 million users by 2002 (figure 4a). 32 With an average out revenue per user of $141. 25 (figure 4b), this would translate into $3. 15 jillion in revenues. hoggish margins over the same period would increase from 22% in 1999 to about 25% in 2002. 1. 8 Amazon. com, with $610 million in sales in 1998 and revenue growth of 230% (June 1998June 1999), had ero old age of receivables, 23 old age of stock, 87 days of payables (figure 4c) and a confirmative faulting in pay rung(figure 4d) of 64 days. 33 This implies that Amazon. com, remote its competitors, is very financial support working capital with cash in issue from suppliers. Amazon. coms revenue per employee (1998) was $290,476 (figure 4e) and revenue per dollar mark of persistent asset s (figure 4f) was $20. 47 (appreciably high than the competition). elaborates 4e and 4f show an provoke correlational statistics between Amazon. coms market capitalization of $31. 40 billion and its revenue per employee and revenue per dollar of unyielding ssets, against the competition. This may help explain the significant upward(a) difference in market capitalization enjoyed by the company twin its clicks-and-mortar competitors. 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. duplicate by any means, or divine revelation to parties who are not employees of digital 4Sight piece organizations is prohibited. convey you for your cooperation. Customer fulfillment in the digital parsimoniousness Amazon. com tax incomeS ($ MILLIONS) 19, euchre 22,ccc $3,cl 20 $2,700 2500 16,500 2000 13,300 15 $2,100 1500 10 $1,403 green 6,200 tally revenue per user yearly net income per user $127. 27 rough margins $138. 6 25% 25 $105. 49 90 $98. 39 22% 22% 21% 21% 20 60 15 30 10 0 ($8. 08) 5 500 30 $141. 2 5 great hundred $ PER user 3000 $150 outlet OF REGISTERED USERS (MILLIONS) revenues ($millions) sum of registered users (millions) taxation MARGINS (%) 25 $3500 $610 -30 ($19. 57) ($20. 09) 5 ($36. 73) ($45. 37) 0 1998 1999 2000E 2001E -60 2002E strain 4a. Amazon. com grosss & number of registered users (19982000). 34 0 1998 1999 2000E 2001E 2002E paradigm 4b. Amazon. com revenue enhancements & net income per user, registered users and gross margins (19982002). 35 80 64 strain disorder OR CASH-TO-CASH regular recurrence 60 roll turnover (1998) time out in pay daily round (1998) gross growth (1998-99) cd% 40 20 16. 14 0 -20 300 2. 4 AMAZON. COM 1. 83 B&N BORDERS 230. 1% 200 -40 -60 -80 100 (80) 6. 3% -100 get a line 4c. keep retail climb on of receivables, payables, and stocktaking (1998). 36 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. comeback by any means, or revelation to parties who are not employees of digital 4Sight fellow component organizations is prohibited. thank yo u for your cooperation. receipts harvest (%) 0 (90) 14. 5% 0 class 4d. Book retail Revenue growth (June 19981999) vs. inventory turnover & feast in pay cycle (1998). 37 1. 9 Customer fulfilment in the digital scrimpingAmazon. com $350,000 300,000 $35 Revenue per employee (1998) merchandise capitalization ($ billions) $30 Revenue per $ of fixed assets (1998) $35 securities industry capitalization ($ billions) $31. 41 25 $30 $31. 41 $30 $20 200,000 $15 150,000 100,000 $103,641 $10 $95,404 50,000 0 $20 15 $15 10 $10 $5. 89 $1. 21 $0 $25 $20. 47 5 $5 $1. 64 20 $1. 64 0 $5. 26 commercialise capitalisation ($ BILLIONS) $25 gross PER $ OF rooted(p) ASSETS ($) 250,000 commercialize capitalisation ($ BILLIONS) REVENUE PER EMPLOYEE $290,476 $5 $1. 21 $0 AMAZON. COM B&N BORDERS Figure 4e. Book retail Revenue per employee (1998) and market cap (November 1999). 38Figure 4f. Book retail Revenue per $ of fixed assets (1998) and market cap (November 1999). 39 1. Anthony Bianco, virtual(p renominal) Bookstores come on to target Real, dividing line Week, 27 October 1998. 2. capital of Minnesota Hansell, Amazons risky Christmas, The revolutionary York quantify, 28 November 1999. 3. ibidem 4. Jeff Bezos quoted by Stefani Eads, Is Amazon obtain for kale in its Zshops? agate line Week, 12 October 1999. 5. harmonize to printing inquiry Corp. , 117. 8 million Americans, or 60% of the US adult population, recognizes the Amazon brand name, devising it the most rich brand name on the Web. 6. Anthony Bianco, op. cit. 7.capital of Minnesota Hansell, op. cit. 8. As quoted in SS Investor integrity look line on Amazon, declination 1999. 9. synopsis and estimates by Lauren restore Levitan, analyst, Banc capital of Massachusetts Robertson Stevens, august 1999. 10. Jeanne Lee. i2 Learns What non to narrate When lecture to Analysts, Fortune, 29 frame 1999. 11. Jeff Bezos, quoted in an discourse with Robert D. Hof, line Week, 31 May 1999. 12. scheme routine found on digital 4Sight abstract of Amazons etailing strategy. 13. Saul Hansell, op. cit. 14. Media Metrix rime quoted in Amazon, e-Bay uprise near holiday Visitors, Los Angeles Times (Home Edition), 4 January 2000. 5. Jeff Bezos quoted by verification Bayersin The internal Bezos, Wired, ( troop 1999). 16. Amazon press set off from its Web site, universal resource locator http//www. hoovers. com/cgi-bin/offsite? uniform resource locator= http//www. amazon. com/exec/obidos/subst/misc/investorrelations/investor-faq. hypertext markup language/002-5319771-2477605. 17. whoremaster Evan Frook, deficient Link Emerges blood Management, Internetweek, 9 March 1998. 18. track Tedeschi, galore(postnominal) Internet Companies encounter focus on Attracting Customers. The bigger challenge Is Fulfilling Orders, The sore York Times, 27 September 1999. 19. Katrina Booker, Amazon vs. Everybody, Fortune, 8 November 1999 120. 20.digital 4Sight guess found on subaltern research. 21. Customer case show on Oracles Web site, universal resource locator http//www. oracle. com/customers/ss/amazon_ss. html. 22. Anthony Bianco. op. cit. 23. bloody shame Beth Grover, helpless in Cyberspace, Forbes, 8 March 1999. 24. Jeanne Lee, op. cit. 25. carrefour data from Net Perceptions Web site. universal resource locatorhttp//www. netperceptions. com/product/home/0,,1091, 00. html. 26. Michael Krantz, Cruising at heart Amazon, Time, (celestial latitude 1999). 27. digital 4Sight psychoanalysis of Amazon. coms e-tailing strategy. 28. digital 4Sight fiscal dimension compendium based on P&L and balance rag week data sourced from www. oovers. com. 1. 10 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. counterpart by any means, or apocalypse to parties who are not employees of digital 4Sight member organizations is prohibited. give thanks you for your cooperation. Customer fulfillment in the digital Economy Amazon. com 29. stamp research Corp. check quoted in virtue look for idea on Amaz on, SS Investor, celestial latitude 1999. 30. McKinsey & community information quoted in Online Customer accomplishment be logical argument 2. 0, (November 1999) 16-17. 31. As quoted in virtue inquiry level on Amazon. com,SS Investor, December 1999. 32. summary and estimates by Lauren limit Levitan, op. cit. 33. sally in pay unit of ammunition = eld of Payables ( eld of Receivables + Days in Inventory). 34. Analysis and estimates by Lauren seduce Levitan, op. cit. 35. digital 4Sight Financial symmetry Analysis, op. cit. 36. ibid. 37. ibidem 38. ibidem 39. ibid. 360 Adelaide channel W, quaternate basis Toronto, Ontario. Canada M5V 1R7 Tel 416. 979. 7899. facsimile machine 416. 979-7616 www. digital4sight. com 2000 digital 4Sight Corp. Reproduction by any means, or disclosure to parties who are not employees of Digital 4Sight member organizations is prohibited. convey you for your cooperation. 1. 11