Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretskes Theory of :: Psychology Dretske Papers

Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretske's Theory of Psychological Content Naturalization ABSTRACT: Within the context of Dretske’s theory of psychological content naturalization, as laid out in Explaining Behavior, the concept of an indicator state type plays a pivotal role. Providing a general (and non-circular) description of the identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type is a prerequisite for the ultimate success of Dretske’s theory. However, Dretske fails to address this topic. Thus, his theory is incomplete. Several different approaches for specifying these identity conditions are possible; however, each is inadequate. Of the various theories for psychological content naturalization put forward within the past two decades, I believe that a Dretske-style approach that explains the content of a mental state in terms of the causal history of past tokens of that state holds out the most promise of giving us a workable theory describing the role that content plays in learned behavior. While I favor this general approach, the particular theory laid out by Dretske in Explaining Behavior has a shortcoming that must be addressed before his theory can be applied to real systems: Dretske fails to provide an analysis of identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type. The shortcoming is serious because of the critical role that past tokens of an indicator type play in fixing the content of a current token of the indicator type — without identity conditions, there is no way to specify which previously tokened states among the many that have been instantiated during the learning period of the organism are of that indicator type. I begin with a very brief review of Dretske's theory from Explaining Behavior. Some organisms possess indicator states (i.e., internal states that indicate whether some external conditions hold). For example, organism O may token an instance of I (the internal indicator state type) whenever external conditions F obtain. Prior to learning, I indicates F does not mean F. Let's suppose that external conditions F are relevant in some manner to O's continued functioning, perhaps because environments in which F obtains are environments that are relatively inhospitable for O. Let's also suppose that O is capable of learning using reinforcement information (via operant conditioning), such that future tokenings of I come to cause movements that are appropriate to conditions F. (My use the evaluative term "appropriate" here rests on two assumptions: (1)

A Singular Self-Identity Essay -- Multiple Personalities Essays

Self-identity is singular. The belief in this existence of one’s self, presupposes all our experiences of consciousness. We all hold that this identity is ours alone. I speak of my experiences as experienced by me. I would seem to be talking nonsense , if I referred to myself in the plural or spoke of how the multiplicity of ‘me’s’ experienced an event. Although most will submit to the existence of levels of consciousness, we categorize those people who exhibit distinct personalities as non-ordinary. All popular theories of self-identity set about the task of proving a singular self. I will attempt to analyze the currently held theories of self-identity, and consider cases where the singular self-identity of normal individuals is called into questi on. Psychologists seeking to clarify this discussion have researched phenomena concerning the nature of self-identity, and it’s relation with consciousness. Philosophers can attempt to investigate the fund amental assumptions underlying these studies, an d examine their ramifications upon our dogmas of self-identity. To formulate a concept of our idea of self we must consider the uniqueness of our experience, and account for memories of prior experiences. Self-identity is my ownership of a personal, distinct unity of consciousness that is consistent through time. Unity of consciousness is the personal, private, owned, and discrete continuing experience of the self. For example, I believe that I am. I believe that I am, neither in part nor in whole, someone other than whom I perceive that I am, and that this â€Å"I† was the same unity yesterday as today. I also infer that I will be (if I wake from sleep) tomorrow the continuation of the same self. This self that we assume, does not ex... .... Los Altos, CA.: Kaufman, 1983.. Laurence, Jean-Roch, Perry, Campbell & Kihlstron, John. â€Å"‘Hidden Observer’ Phenomena in Hypnosis: An Experimental Creation?† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 44.1 (1993): 163-169.. Sacks, Oliver. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat: and Other Clinical Tales. New York: Harper Perenial, 1985.. Spanos, Nicholas P. â€Å"The Hidden Observer as an Experimental Creation† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 44.1 (1983): 170-176.. Watkins, John G. & Watkins, Helen H. â€Å"†Hypnosis, Multiple Personality, and Ego States† Handbook of States of Consciousness. Eds. Benjamin B Wolman & Montague Ullman. New York: Van Nostrand, 1986.. Wilkes, Kathleen V. â€Å"Fugues, Hypnosis, and Multiple Personalities† Self & Identity: Contemporary Philosophical Issues. Eds. Kolak, Daniel & Martin, Raymond. New York: MacMillan, 1991..

Cargills( Ceylon)

Cargills at a Glance Cargills (Ceylon) PLC is a Sri Lankan corporate established in 1844 and built on a strong foundation of values and ethics. Guided by trusted leadership it spearheads the sustainable development of the food industry in Sri Lanka. Its continuous investment in retail has made the Cargills retail arm Cargills Food City the largest retailer in the island in all categories. Pursuing innovation and food safety its manufacturing brands Cargills Supremo and Cargills Finest (processed meats) Cargills Kist (processed fruits and vegetables) and Cargills Magic (ice cream and dairy products) lead sectoral growth.Its KFC franchise is the largest international restaurant chain in Sri Lanka. Through its marketing and distribution arm spread across the island Cargills distributes its manufactured brands as well as internationally renowned food and non-food brands. The Cargills agribusiness model has gained global recognition for linking farmers and entrepreneurs to the market thro ugh a sustainable and inclusive value creation process. Key business 1. Modern retailing 2. Manufacturing 3. Agri Business 4. Restaurants 5. Distribution Subsidiary Companies †¢Cargills Quality Foods (Pvt) Ltd †¢Cargills Distributors (Pvt) Ltd Cargills Quality Dairies (Pvt) Ltd †¢Cargills Food Processors (Pvt) Ltd †¢Cargills Food Services (Pvt) Ltd †¢CPC Agrifoods Ltd †¢CPC Lanka Ltd †¢Cargills Retail (Pvt) Ltd †¢Millers Distributors Ltd †¢Cargills (Ceylon) Plc (Cargills) operates in the retail chain of food outlets. The company also engaged in food manufacturing and †¢restaurant chain sectors. Cargills operates through its ten subsidiaries. Cargills is the official franchisee for Kentucky Fried Chicken †¢(KFC) in Sri Lanka. It also provides distribution and FMCG manufacturing services. The company also offers discount sales to its †¢products.Cargills operates through its 116 outlets across 19 districts in Sri Lanka. Cargil ls is headquartered at Colombo, Sri Lanka †¢Pricing and availability are what drives the economy of the fast food industry. They effectively penetrate markets with advertising campaigns that cater to a whole range of demographics that make them a need in high demand in almost all US geographic locations. With specialized and highly focused franchise management and vast distribution channel they can be established themselves in a new community almost overnight creating instant revenue and jobs wherever demand is present.Economic Characteristics OF THE FOOD AND DRUG RETAIL INDUSTRYIt is extremely important to understand what the dominant economic factors are in an industry in which you are participating. These factors have a very strong influence in determining the corporate strategies that a company will decide to implement. How can a corporation define and implement their corporate strategy without understanding the environment of the market they are in? They simply can not!The economic factors to be considered are as follows: market size, scope of competitive rivalry, market growth rate, number of rivals, number of customers, degree of vertical integration, economies of scales, resource requirements for market entry, and profitability of the industry. Each one of these factors will be defined in the following paragraphs. The supermarket retail market is a $363 billion industry(sales 2000). Approximately $272 billion in sales, or 75%, is achieved by 25 companies with 16,000 stores. The total number of retail grocery stores total 127,000.It is obvious that the market share is dominated by a select few corporations. The largest company is Kroger (11% market share), followed closely by Albertson’s(9%), Safeway(6%), and Win The number of rivals in this industry is becoming more important to recognize. According to Progressive Grocer, supermarket sales have increased 5. Gross margins are approximately 2% greater for a supermarket when they have access t o a distribution center. In closing, the supermarket industry is profitable. All indications in the research that I have done leads me to believe that sales have increased at the same pace in 2000 that it did in 1999.These companies manufacture some of their products in inventory. Because of the single-person and one-parent households, less people are frequenting the grocery stores and more people are eating out at restaurants. Kroger brand(private label) products account for approximately 25% of their grocery sales and almost 9% of drugs and general merchandise. Albertson†tms has acquired American Food to increase their market share in the West region. Kroger is the only major supermarket operator to implement a three-tier distribution system. As stated above, the top 25 companies capture 75% of the market.Safeway, SuperValu, and Kroger are the only companies that go even further upstream concerning vertical integration. They use these facilities to produce private label prod ucts. The growth has been driven by increasing affluence and the rise of a middle class; the entry of women into the workforce; with a consequent incentive to seek out easy-to-prepare foods; the growth in the use of refrigerators, making it possible to shop weekly instead of daily; and the growth in car ownership, facilitating journeys to distant stores and purchases of large quantities of goods.The opportunities presented by this potential have encouraged several European companies to invest in these markets (mainly in Asia) and American companies to invest in Latin America and China. Local companies also entered the market. [12] Initial development of supermarkets has now been followed by hypermarket growth. In addition there were investments by companies such as Makro and Metro in large-scale Cash-and-Carry operations.While the growth in sales of processed foods in these countries has been much more rapid than the growth in fresh food sales, the imperative nature of supermarkets to achieve economies of scale in purchasing, means that the expansion of supermarkets in these countries has important repercussions for small farmers, particularly those growing perishable crops. New supply chains have developed involving cluster formation; development of specialized wholesalers; leading farmers organizing supply; and farmer associations or cooperatives.Cargills (Ceylon) entered the Business Today TOP 10 list a year ago at the tenth place and this year notched one place up to number nine. Having evolved from its original four department stores, Cargills (Ceylon) is today the fastest growing and largest retail chain in Sri Lanka. The company continues to invest in food and agriculture, and with the expansion of the retail outlets to 136 during the year, new opportunities were reportedly presented to more rural famers and entrepreneurs. The company is also actively participating in the revival of the Eastern Province with the opening of outlets in Batticaloa, Ampara and Trincomalee.At present Cargills has established its presence in 23 districts of the country. Cargills (Ceylon) owns and operates its own manufacturing and distribution arm. The company also owns the KFC franchise in Sri Lanka, and it introduced the first KFC drive-thru in the South Asia region. During the year a full year of operation of Millers Distribution was brought under the fold of Cargills. An Island-wide reach and distribution capability of Millers is expected to help Cagills (Ceylon) further penetrate the market. Turnover of the company during the year was Rs 16 billion and profit after tax was Rs 499 million.

Aspects of the NASW Code of Ethics

In the â€Å"Code of Ethics† for the Social Work Profession there are six Ethical principles that apply to everyone in the profession. It is important for all social workers to know the values that are listed in the Ethical Principles of the Code of Ethics for the Social work Profession. Values are a societies system of beliefs, principles, and traditions that define and influence behaviors and practices among people. It is important for all social workers to know the values that are listed in the Ethical Principles of the Code of Ethics for the Social work Profession. The ethical principles include service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. Service is a very important value that is listed in the Ethical principles in the Social work Code of ethics because a social worker’s primary goal is to help those people who are in need and to address to common social Problems. A social worker has to gain knowledge, values, skills, and methods in order to help other people in need of services and to address social problems that often arise. As a social worker it is crucial for me to gain enough knowledge, identify my values as well as the profession of social work’s values in the Code of Ethics, skills, and methods so that I will be able to efficiently help other people in need and to address the common social problems in my society. Social Justice is another very important value that is listed in the Ethical Principles of the Social Work Code of Ethics because Social workers strive for change on behalf of those who are oppressed by society. Social workers strive for equality for opportunities for all people of society. As a Social Worker it is important for me to stand beside those people who are oppressed by society and to help give them the same opportunities as others in their society. I will have to strive for change of those who are oppressed because they deserve the same opportunities as everyone else in their community. Another important value in the Code of Ethics of the Social Work profession includes Dignity and Worth of the Person. It is crucial for Social Workers to treat all of their clients equally. A Social Worker must treat all people with the same respect no matter what their culture, ethnicity, or their situation may be. As a Social Worker I will have to be aware that my clients may have a different culture, religion, ethnicity, and many other differences than me but I still have to be able to provide the same services equally. As a Social Worker I will have to give respect to all of my clients. The Value of Importance of Human Relationships is also very important to the Profession of Social Work because it is important for all Social Workers to recognize how important human relationships are to people in society. Social Workers have to be aware that relationships among people are important for change. Social Workers try to strengthen relationships for their clients and the people in their clients’ lives in an effort to promote, restore, maintain, and to help enhance the wellbeing of their clients. As a Social Worker, I will be responsible to help my clients’ restore and maintain positive relationships between people, family, friends, and communities in an effort to promote positive change in society. Integrity is one of the most important values listed in the Code of Ethics for the Social Work Profession. Social workers have to prove to be trustworthy by being honest and responsible. In order for me to be an effective Social Worker my supervisor and clients have to know that I am trustworthy, responsible, and honest. As a social worker I will have to respect my clients’ rights to confidentiality in order to prove that I am trustworthy. Once a Social worker loses a clients’ trust it is very difficult to gain it again so it is crucial for a Social Worker not to break the trust of their clients. Competence is another very important value that is listed in the Social Work Profession’s Code of Ethics. Social Workers should only work in areas in which they are comfortable, and knowledgeable in. If a Social Worker is not knowledgeable or comfortable in then it is extremely difficult for them to identify what resources are available and what is needed in order to help a client. As a Social Worker it is important to gain knowledge to be able to work in many different fields. As a Social Worker I have already identified what fields I want to concentrate on the most but if by some chance I should happen to work in a different field of the profession I will gain the knowledge for that specific position and I will seek the help of superiors and advisors of the Social Work Profession. Along with the values listed in the Ethical Principles in the Social Work Profession’s Code of Ethics are the Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities to Clients in which there are sixteen listed in the Code of Ethics. The ten that I have Chosen I believe are the most important in order to be efficient Social Worker. The ten Ethical Responsibilities in which I have chosen include Commitment to Clients, Self Determination, Informed Consent, Competence, Privacy and Confidentiality, Access to Records, Physical Contact, Sexual Relationships, Derogatory Language, and Termination of Services. All of these Ethical Responsibilities to Clients are I believe to be essential in order to be a professional Social Worker. A Social worker has to have commitment to their Clients because their primary responsibility is to ensure and to promote the wellbeing of their clients. It will be my responsibility as a Social Worker to know the wellbeing of all of my clients and to know what is in their best interest. I will also need to prove my loyalty to my clients but I will also have to inform all of my clients’ that as a Social Worker I have certain legal obligations in which I have to abide by as well. Another very important Ethical Standard in the Social Work Professions Code of Ethics includes the client’s right to Self Determination. Social Worker has to respect their clients’ rights to self determination and assist them in their efforts in identifying, pursuing, and accomplishing their goals. Self Determination allows clients to make their own decisions for what they want to do in life with the assistance of a Social Worker to guide them through the process as long as it is lawful, and poses no threat or risks to the client. As a Social Worker I will need to be able to help my clients’ identify, pursue, and accomplish their goals. Informed Consent is a very important ethical standard listed in the Social Work Profession’s Code of ethics as well because a Social Worker is only supposed to provide services in a professionally based relationship. Social Workers are responsible in using clear, easy to understand language to inform their clients of the purpose of services, risks, limitations, requirements, and other important notices as well. Social Workers must give their clients time to ask questions about the services they are applying for as well as answering those questions. It is extremely important for clients to be able to understand what services they qualify for and the requirement of those services. As a Social Worker I will have to use clear language while speaking to my clients so that I can gain their Informed Consent after they understand what they need in order to qualify for a service. I will have to allow time for my clients to ask questions about the service in which they are applying for so that they fully understand the requirements. Competence s a very important Ethical responsibility because a social worker should only provide services within the boundaries of their own knowledge, training, certification, and license. A social worker should not work in any environment in which they are not qualified for because then they cannot fully provide the services in which may be needed due to their lack of e xperience. Privacy and confidentiality is very important to a Social Worker’s Clients’. As a social worker it is very important to respect a client’s privacy. It is highly unethical to exploit and share a client’s personal information to anyone in which the client had trusted you with. The only time it is important to share a client’s information is if it is needed to provide services. I believe that Privacy is important to the client due to their willingness to confide and trust you as a social worker. It is very important for clients to have access to their records. It is up to the social workers to determine just how much of the clients’ records are available to them. A social worker has to protect their clients from mental harm by denying access to certain parts of the records and to interpret the records for their clients. A Social Worker is advised to not have physical contact with any of their clients. Physical contact can cause psychological harm as well as misinterpretation to clients. It is up to the social worker to set up boundaries between themselves and their clients. Derogatory Language is very unprofessional and should not be used by Social Workers in front of their clients. A social worker is encouraged to speak in a respectable way when talking to clients and while on the job. Under no circumstances is a Social Worker to have Sexual Relationships with previous or current clients. A social worker may not have sexual relations with anyone to which the client is related to either. Not only is it unprofessional for a Social Worker to have Sexual relations with their clients’, it is also wrong and could cost them their job. Before a Social Worker can Terminate Services to a client they should not abandon a client who is still in need of services. It will be up to me as a Social Worker to assess which clients still need my services and which ones I think are self sufficient and no longer need my services. If I leave my position to seek another opportunity it will be my responsibility to inform my clients upon my departure.

Diversification Strategies Essay

Diversification is a form of corporate strategy to increase profitability of a company through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. It occurs either at the business unit level or at the corporate level. It is a risk management technique that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio. It attempts to smooth out unmethodical risk events in a group so that the positive performance of some investments will neutralize the negative performance of others. Companies may diversify for strategic objectives, expected outcomes, valuable comparison between strategy and expansion. Some companies diversify by conquering new positions through mergers and acquisitions whiles others diversify when there are not much growth opportunities for the market they are in. There are many reasons for pursuing a diversification strategy, but most pertain to management’s desire for the organization to grow. Companies must decide whether they want to diversify by going into related or unrelated businesses. They must then decide whether they want to expand by developing the new business or by buying an ongoing business. There are advantages to diversification, beyond simply expanding one’s product line. For example, a diversified company is potentially better insulated against a loss of revenue in one business tranche. Diversification strategies are used to expand firms’ operations by adding markets, products, services, or stages of production to the existing business. The purpose of diversification is to allow the company to enter new lines of business that are different from current operations. When the new venture is strategically related to the existing lines of business, it is called concentric diversification. On the other hand, when the new and the old businesses are unrelated it is classified as Conglomerate diversification which occurs when there is no common thread of strategic fit or relationship between the new and old lines of business, meaning the new and old businesses are unrelated. Compare and contrast the two businesses—core business, their size, financials, global presence, use of e-business (marketing, sales, etc. ). Johnson & Johnson Inc. – Successful  Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational pharmaceutical company founded in 1886, manufacturing sterile surgical supplies. Its core business is the manufacturing of medical devices and consumer packaged goods. Its common stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company is listed among the Fortune 500. The corporation has grown to have more than 250 operating companies in 60 countries employing approximately 116,000 people, producing medicines and medical devices, as well as consumer products like sanitary goods, baby shampoo and dental floss. National Semiconductor Corporation – Unsuccessful National Semiconductor Company has an international reputation for semiconductors. The pioneering chip maker offers a variety of integrated circuits (ICs), especially analog and mixed-signal (blending analog and digital functions) chips. Its products focus on analog chips, which transform physical information – light, sound, pressure, even radio waves – into data that a computer can use. National Semi’s chips are used in wireless, networking, medical, solar, automotive, and industrial applications. It gets more than 75% of sales from customers outside the US, largely to contract manufacturers that serve its OEM customers. In the 1970s, the company tried to make electronic consumer products in addition to the semi-conductors that went inside them. Compare and contrast their outcomes (one successful, one unsuccessful) Johnson & Johnson Johnson & Johnson is a diversified healthcare company that develops, manufactures and markets products in three primary lines of business: Pharmaceuticals (41% of sales), Medical Devices and Diagnostics (35%) and Consumer Products. Since the 1900s, the company has pursued steady diversification. It added consumer products in the 1920s and created a separate division for surgical products in 1941 which became Ethicon Inc. It expanded into pharmaceuticals with the purchase of McNeil Laboratories Inc. , Cilag, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and into women’s sanitary products and toiletries in the 1970s and 1980s. In recent years, Johnson & Johnson has expanded into such diverse areas as biopharmaceuticals, orthopedic devices, and Internet publishing. Recently, Johnson & Johnson has purchased Pfizer’s Consumer Healthcare department. The transition from Pfizer to Johnson and Johnson was completed December 18, 2006. National Semiconductor Corporation The company wasn’t suited for retail manufacturing, and was crushed by companies that were. By the time digital watches became popular in America; National had been driven from the marketplace, suffering losses that overshadowed its success in semiconductors. Analyze the three primary reasons for the different outcomes. First, Johnson & Johnson diversified into items that are strategically related to the company’s existing lines of business. Johnson & Johnson is a diversified healthcare company that develops, manufactures and markets products in three primary lines of business: pharmaceuticals, medical devices and diagnostics and Consumer Products. On the other hand, National Semiconductor Corporation entered into the production of unrelated products which is not common thread of strategic fit or relationship between the new and old lines of business, meaning the new and old businesses are unrelated. Second, Johnson & Johnson diversified through mergers and acquisitions of new companies. For instance, it expanded into pharmaceuticals with the purchase of McNeil Laboratories Inc. , Cilag, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and into women’s sanitary products and toiletries in the 1970s and 1980s. In recent years, Johnson & Johnson has expanded into such diverse areas as biopharmaceuticals, orthopedic devices, and Internet publishing. Recently, Johnson & Johnson has purchased Pfizer’s Consumer Healthcare department. The transition from Pfizer to Johnson and Johnson was completed December 18, 2006. On the other hand, National Semiconductor Corporation entered into diversification to make electronic consumer products in addition to the semi-conductors that went inside them. They did not embark on growth strategy through acquisition and mergers. They had stiff opposition and were crushed by companies suited for retail manufacturing. Lastly, Johnson & Johnson diversification strategy is well matched to the strengths of its top management team members which are factored into the success of that strategy. On the other hand, National Semiconductor Company top executives did not manage diversification effectively. Recommend two actions the unsuccessful one could have made to make their diversification venture successful First is that National Semiconductor should ensure a diversification strategy which is well matched to the strengths of its top management team members and factored into the success of that strategy. Different diversification strategies require different skills on the part of a company’s top managers, and that factors should be taken into consideration before firms are joined. For instance, the success of a merger may not depend only on how integrated the joining firms become, but also on how well suited top executives are to manage that effort. Secondly National Semiconductor should diversify into related products where they can control the market. To conclude, I must say that if diversification strategy is done strategically to relate to the company’s existing line of business or diversified through mergers and acquisitions of new companies with the support of its top management team members, then its objective of growth and risk taking can be achieved.

Hitler table talk, 1941-1944 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler table talk, 1941-1944 - Essay Example In this book, Hitler freely talks about his friends, failures, enemies, ambition and secrete dreams. During the midday and evening hours, Hitler turned down his guard to have a conversation with his most trusted men. Martin Bormann, Hitler’s acting private secretary, persuaded Hitler to allow him compiles the various conversations that were recorded by different people into a book. Hitler after his renowned tyranny had the plans to use this book as a reference material to write on the Thousand-Year Reich. In Hitler’s table talk book, there are 328 entries that were made with specified dates and time. Hitler’s close allies such as Todt, Himmler and other military leaders with exception of Goering were described to be present during these conversations as they could even pose questions to Hitler to which he responded. Hitler was such a person who contributed to any topic of discussion you could imagine of and he is the person that guided the directions of most talk s. During that period there was a war that was going on, but something interesting is that no talks were based on the war issue. Apparently these talks were mostly meant to divert people’s attentions from the war that was going on. Hitler was the German leader who was well educated and he specialized in the European history. He was a great racist and hated the Jewish people very much which worsened day after day. Some of the recorded statements involve Hitler narrating his strategic plans during the late 1932 power struggle and the resistance the Nazi party was subjected to. During that time, it is fascinating to see Hitler describing himself as the â€Å"builder† of capital cities, autobahns, and museums something that is ironical. Contrasts between Hitler’s support for Christianity and His hatred for the same In most of the recorded conversation, Hitler’s hatred for Christianity is more common than those of the Jews. Some of his negative talks about Chr istianity that supports Hitler’s hatred for Christianity includes; â€Å"what is this God who takes pleasure only in seeing men grovel before him† (Adolf & Gerhard, p143). â€Å"A negro baby, who has the misfortune to die before a missionary gets his clutches on him, goes to Hell†(Adolf & Gerhard, p69). â€Å"The catastrophe, for us, is that of being tied to a religion that rebels against all the joys of the nonsense† (Adolf & Gerhardp142). â€Å"Christianity is the worst of the regressions that mankind can every have undergone† (Adolf & Gerhard, p322). â€Å"While we are on this subject, let’s add that, even amongst those who claim to be good Catholics, every few really believe in this humbug. Only old women, who have given up everything because life has already withdrawn from them, go regularly to the church†(Adolf & Gerhard, p342). â€Å"Our apoch will certainly see the end of the disease of Christianity† (Adolf & Gerhard, p 343). Hitler contradicts himself when he pretends to supports Christianity by saying â€Å"Christianity sets the example. What could be more fanatical, more elusive and more intolerant than this religion which bases everything on the love of the one and only God whom it reveals† (Adolf & Gerhard, p397). Other than Christianity, Hitler resisted the renewal of Wotan worship. From the book it is not difficult to realize that Hitler was a consummate rationalist. This is revealed when he said â€Å"but there will never be any possibility of National Socialism’

Answer the quastions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the quastions - Assignment Example The reason for the lack of this universal answer is because situations, organizations, and people vary and change with time. In this view, everything in management is unique in its own way. Principles are not universal and one learns about management by experiencing challenges in the process. Therefore, the right thing to do entirely depends on the complex varieties of critical internal and environmental contingencies. Environmental uncertainty and change, size of the company, and work technology are identified as the environmental factors that impact on the effectiveness of various forms of organizations. According to the contingency perspective, all stable environments will suggest mechanistic structures that tend to emphasize on formalization, centralization, specialization, and standardization to achieve efficiency and consistency. Predictability and certainty allow for the use of rules, policies, and procedures to offer guidance while making decisions for routine duties and problems. For unstable environments, they use organic structures that emphasize on decentralization for them to achieve adaptability and flexibility. Unpredictability and uncertainty need general methods of solving non-routine tasks and problems. Management practices and perspectives change in response to social, political, end economic forces in the larger society. During such difficult times, managers look for ideas that can help them cope with environmental turbulence and keep their organizations vital. Management tool surveys have revealed an increase in the variety of management ideas and techniques used by managers. Challenges facing organizations such as the rocky stock market and a tough economy , environmental and organizational crises, lingering anxieties over terrorism and war, and the public suspicion resulting from corporate scandals, have left the executives looking for new management tools. They are looking for